Category: Q&A

1. To be eligible for an EB-2 NIW, your endeavor should be beneficial to the US

A reader asks: 
I graduated in 2011 in China with a master’s degree, and I worked as a computer professional teacher in a university for the past 12 years. Recently, because of my children’s education, I have the idea of immigrating. The first thing I considered was to New Zealand or Canada. Basically, people must go there before they can get their status. I don’t want to resign now because my children are still little. Now a middleman recommended me to do NIW, and said that I could apply while in China, and I am not in a hurry to go overseas anyway. The current situation is that I have 7 papers, patents and software works which were of average quality, and served as referees for some national competitions. I feel that my qualifications are quite average.  However, I talked to several China’s middleman, they all thought my qualifications are sufficient, but they did not mention any of the risk. I am very confused now, please help.

Arthur Lee, Esq. answers:
You might be eligible for an EB-2 NIW. The three criteria for demonstrating your eligibility for NIW are: (1) that your proposed endeavor has both substantial merit and national importance; (2) that you are well-positioned to advance this endeavor; and (3) that on balance, it would be beneficial to the U.S. to waive the job offer and labor certification requirements.

That said, it is unclear what your proposed endeavor would be, and how it would be beneficial to the U.S. government. Assuming that your proposed endeavor meets the criteria, the second question needs to be addressed whether you are well-posotioned. Your Master’s degree (assuming this is in a field that is computer related), having 7 papers/patents/software, and being a computer science professor at a university would be considered. It would also be a good idea to have experts in your field write letters of recommendations describing your accomplishments in the field and how you are well-positioned to advance this field with your work in the United States to solidify your evidence on being “well-positioned.” NIW is on a case by case basis, so an adjudicating officer would need to find that on balance, your proposed endeavor has substantial merit and national importance—as such, your endeavor with computers must be worthwhile to the U.S. government. In your NIW filing, you must show that your endeavor is worthwhile in that it will help advance human knowledge, create jobs, advance the economy, or a field in the United States that the current administration values. The Biden administration through its policy memorandum encourages granting NIW where a foreign worker will advance the STEM (science technology engineering mathematics) fields. Some examples of endeavors that have been found worthwhile in published decisions include being a software developer of stock option valuation, and a software developer with a PhD in music technology applying computer technology to music-related areas for the interests of the U.S. 

Also, an officer must decide whether on balance, it would be beneficial to the US to waive the job offer and labor certification requirements. This inquiry looks into factors such as whether you will be self-employed in a manner that does not adversely affect U.S. workers; will own a business that provides jobs for U.S. workers; your work will otherwise lead to job creation; your endeavor has potential to generate considerable revenue consistent with the economy; your endeavor will benefit the U.S. even if other U.S. workers are available; national interests in your contributions are sufficiently urgent (such as U.S. competitiveness in STEM fields); or if labor certification is impractical for your position. You may wish to consult with a qualified immigration attorney who will further advise you on your qualifications as an NIW applicant, and the risks associated with filing such an application.

2. Should I do an appeal or file a motion after my EB-1A was denied?

A reader asks: 
I am in China. I submitted the EB-1A application in June last year and received a denial letter in April this year. I submitted a total of four categories and only approved two. What should I do next? Should I do an appeal or file a motion? What is the difference between these two?

Arthur Lee, Esq. answers:
The difference between an appeal and a motion is that a motion will be filed to the same authority that adjudicated your case previously. In your case, it would be the same USCIS service center that handled your EB-1A application. There are two types of motions: (1) motion to reopen would be a motion to the service center to consider new facts that were not present at the time of your original filing; (2) a motion to reconsider is a request to review its application of the law in its previous decision. Meanwhile, an administrative appeal asks a different branch of USCIS (in this case the Administrative Appeals Office (AAO) ) to review the field office’s decision. Just like a motion, an appeal must typically be filed within 30 calendar days of the issuance of denial. Unlike a motion, an appeal requests de novo review which means that the AAO looks at the record anew including all facts and applications of law and it may address new issues that were not raised or resolved in the lower agency’s decision. USCIS aims to adjudicate its motions within 90 days, and the AAO aims for 180 days. Whether to file an appeal or motion is up to you.  Many attorneys opt for appeal.  However, if you choose to file a motion note that you can still appeal to the AAO if your motion is denied or dismissed.

3. The duration of an H-1B visa depends on several factors

A reader asks: 
I worked in the United States for more than three years before, and I came back to China this year. In early May, I applied for the first H-1B visa at the Shenyang Consulate. During the visa interview, I told the visa officer that I had been working at Qualcomm, and my work was in the sensitive direction of chip verification. I thought I would be background checked, to my surprise, I passed the interview and my passport was submitted.  However, after getting the passport back, I found that the H-1B is only valid for 4 months. My I-797 is valid until July 2025. My passport doesn’t expire until 2025. I don’t understand why the H-1B is only given 4 months, shouldn’t it be a one-year H-1B?

Arthur Lee Esq. answers,
The duration of an H-1B visa depends on several factors including the specific circumstances of your case, the discretion of the consular officer, and any supporting documentation provided. Since you have a valid passport for 2 years, as well as valid H-1B status for 2 years, there is nothing on the reciprocity schedule for H-1Bs with China to show why you would be given such a short time. On H-1B reciprocity with China, you should be given 12 months or the period of validity of your H-1B petition, whichever is less. Since your passport and H-1B status are valid until 2025, it is surprising that you did not get a 1 year visa. It seems that reason for the shorter duration on your H-1B visa was the consular officer’s discretion, if not a mistake. Consular officers have the authority to determine the validity period of a visa based upon their assessment of the individual’s circumstances such as duration of job offer, petitioner’s compliance history, and other relevant information. While this is just speculation, perhaps the officer chose to give you an easier interview, but limit your ability to go in and out of the country without further questioning due to your work in a sensitive area in technology.

Arthur Lee, Esq. Article:
Requests for further evidence for submitted “missing” documents relating to current guidance for paper filed applications.

While it is good that USCIS is digitizing and modernizing its adjudication processes to increase efficiency and accuracy, the ongoing shift from paper-filed applications to e-filing has some growing pains. The example discussed here is the (relatively) new guidance by USCIS in assembling paper-filed applications to maximize ease of scanning documents. (https://www.uscis.gov/forms/filing-guidance/tips-for-filing-forms-by-mail) In a reversal from traditional policy, USCIS now discourages applicants from using fasteners, hole punch, staple, paper clip, binder clip, or any other tool for attaching documents to one another when filing directly with a USCIS service center “as that may cause delays in scanning the documents into the electronic database systems.” As an unintended result of this new guidance, it appears that USCIS has been misplacing submitted application documents and issuing requests for further evidence (RFEs) asking for documents that had already been submitted. Our law firm has encountered a few of these types of RFEs. One recent example is an I-539 application to extend nonimmigrant status for an O-3 dependent which was filed concurrently with an I-129 petition for the O-1 principal where the I-129 was initially approved, then USCIS issued an RFE on the I-539 asking for copies of the applicant’s marriage certificate, the principal’s most recent I-797 approval notice, and the dependent’s passport, visa, and I-94. Needless to say, these were all submitted in the original submission.

In this case, we numbered all of the exhibits and provided an exhibit list after the attorney cover letter; separated all exhibits with colored “exhibit pages” clearly labeling each exhibit; and rubber banded together the entire concurrent I-129/I-539 filing with all enclosed evidence. Despite these concerted efforts to ensure that USCIS would see all of the evidence, we received the RFE for documents that were submitted in this application.

While it is understood that USCIS is digitizing and moving away from paper, and that this problem will be resolved once USCIS reaches its goal of allowing all forms to be filed online, USCIS’ mishandling of paper documents in the interim resulting from the guidance discouraging adhesion of documents is a problem that must be addressed. It is less than ideal for a supposedly reliable agency, and not a good first impression of America for many noncitizens, to lose documents in transfer from the mailroom to the scanner. Perhaps in the transitory period to e-filing, USCIS should continue to encourage applicants to fasten their applications with ACCO fasteners. In any case, it should enact workable policies in the interim to prevent loss of documents to minimize time and resource waste and counter completely avoidable and unnecessary RFEs and rejections.

Arthur Lee, Esq. Q&As:
1. The online query of PERM labor certification database is inaccurate

A reader asks:
I was laid off by the company. I heard that the company cannot file PERM application within half a year after layoff. Where can I check the current PERM status of each company?

Arthur Lee Esq. answers:
A company can file a PERM application within 6 months of a layoff or reduction in force. However, there are additional caveats when a company chooses to do so. If the company has had a layoff in the area of intended employment within 6 months of filing a PERM application, and the layoff involves the occupation for which the certification is sought, or a related occupation, then the company must disclose this on the application to Dept. of Labor. In addition, if such a layoff occurred in this 6-month period, the company must notify and consider previously laid off U.S. workers in the related roles for the PERM position for which certification is sought. A notification to a previously laid off worker in the same or related occupation must provide a full description of the specific job opportunities, include clear instructions, and invite the worker to apply for the position. Unfortunately, we do not believe that there is an online forum effectively showing which companies have filed PERM applications in real time. Although the filing of PERM is public record accessible through official FOIA (freedom of information act) requests, there does not seem to be an Internet website accurately showing in real-time which companies have filed PERM applications on what dates. I note that there is one website (H1B grader) which has a green card PERM labor certification database, but I have tried it out and it is inaccurate.

2. A showing of job applications in the United States is not normally required for an EB-1A petition.

A reader asks:
When the lawyer was preparing the EB-1A application, he asked to submit some job application evidence, which is probably my application record for finding a job in the United States. I’m currently working outside the  US, and it’s not realistic to apply for jobs now. Since getting a green card is still far away, the law firm means that even a screenshot of the US job application record will be helpful. If there is no evidence of applying for a US job at all, the risk of RFE will increase in the future. I would like to ask, is this evidence really useful?

Arthur Lee, Esq. answers:
While I do not know the specifics of your EB-1A case, a showing of job applications in the United States is not normally required for an EB-1A petition. That being said, an EB-1A petition should include evidence showing that you will be continuing to work in your area of expertise and that your immigration will benefit the country. If you are currently working outside the United States in your area of expertise, that can serve as good evidence that you will continue to work in this area of expertise. If you have a long history of employment in the area of expertise, and you have maintained excellence in this area to this date, that may serve as good evidence as well. USCIS evaluates whether you will continue to work in your area of expertise through a look at the totality of your circumstances. For instance, if you have been an extraordinary musician, but have not been maintaining your practice of music and have been engaged in other fields—like say, accounting, in your recent history—USCIS might not be convinced that you are coming to the United States to contribute your musical talents, rather that you are coming here to make a living in a different field. If your lawyer is asking for evidence that you have applied to certain US jobs, it is likely that he/she believes that there is not enough evidence that you are able to engage in your field of extraordinary ability when you come to the US. If that is the case, then applying to US jobs in your field of expertise may be some useful evidence. Other, perhaps useful evidence would be your current work in your field of expertise regardless of location and an overall showing that you maintain a passion in that field that you will continue indefinitely. 

1. Applying for NIW must show you can advance the national interest

A reader asks:
I am in China, and I consulted an American lawyer by email, and the reply was I met the requirements of NIW and can sign a contract.  However, I was told that I must work in the relevant field for at least half a year after getting the green card, otherwise the green card could be revoked. It is difficult for me to do that because my major is education and I have been in China, so I apply for NIW which an employer is not required. If I really must find a job in the same field after entering the US, I will have to reconsider whether to apply for NIW. What should I do?

Arthur Lee answers:
Assuming that you get your EB-2 NIW is approved and you go for your visa interview, you should demonstrate how you plan to utilize your knowledge and skills to advance the national interest per your EB-2 application, for which an employer was not required. You may independently perform research, for instance, if your EB-2 NIW was research-related, or try your best to find an employer in the field of endeavor. While every NIW case is different, your ability to advance the national interest through your work as well as your intent to do so must be made clear to a consular officer.

There is a possibility that if you do not enter the position or endeavor promised on your EB-2 NIW application, your green card will be revoked. One way in which revocation would occur is in the naturalization (citizenship) process. At that stage, you would be expected to produce 5 years of tax returns and employment information. Also, an officer may ask you how you petitioned for your green card, and what job you performed upon entering the United States. While many adjudicating officers may not thoroughly ask about this, the few that do could find that you obtained your green card on false pretenses and begin proceedings to revoke it. I also note that in such a case, USCIS would issue a notice to appear (NTA) to initiate removal proceedings, and you would remain a permanent resident until the immigration judge issues a final decision. 

If you are not confident in your ability to advance the national interest as proposed in your EB-2 NIW application (whether through self-employment or through employment with another company), then you may decide to seek a different route to getting a green card, such as a PERM labor certification.

2. The filing of an I-140 petition may impact F-1 visa approval

A reader asks:
I am currently working in China. Last year, I filed I-140 immigrant petition, the priority date is already current in the second half of last year. Due to my personal reasons, I want to apply for a PhD to return to the United States for further study. Since F-1 is a non-immigrant visa, and the time for a doctorate is relatively long, will the approval of the application have a relatively serious impact on the application for F-1?

Arthur Lee answers:
The filing of an I-140 petition may impact F-1 visa approval, which requires non-immigrant intent. That being said, you may be able to secure an F-1 visa if you bring clear evidence to the consular interview that you intend to return to China after your studies. You should bring evidence that you have ties to China that you do not intend to abandon including but not limited to property ownership or unexpired residential lease; family ties such as spouse, children, or parents; investments and financial assets in China; and demonstration of social relationships and involvement in your local community. You may also explain to the consular officer that your desire to take a nonimmigrant visa despite your possession of an approved I-140 with a current priority date with which you are eligible to enter the US with a green card is evidence itself of your intent to return to China. 

If you desire to maximize your likelihood of obtaining an F-1 visa, you may request a withdrawal of your I-140 petition. Of course, this would likely eliminate your chances of coming into the United States as a lawful permanent resident for the foreseeable future.

Alternately, you can continue your green card case and enter the U.S. with an immigrant visa assuming that you pass the consular interview. Once you have a green card, you are eligible to attend school for PhD study without getting an F-1 visa. By the same token, you must engage in employment as promised on your I-140 petition for a reasonable time period. During your initial months in the United States, you may attend school as long as you can fulfill your job responsibilities on a full-time basis as stated in your I-140.

3. USCIS may apply previously captured fingerprints to many new cases

I submitted my I-485 application at the beginning of November last year and it was sent to SRC, but I haven’t received the fingerprint notice yet. It has been a long time, and I checked the case status extensively. The cases with same middle two numbers had rarely been fingerprinted, but the latter numbers’ cases had all been fingerprinted. What’s happening here?

Arthur Lee answers:
As a rule, all I-485 applicants between the ages of 14 to 79 are required to be fingerprinted for the purpose of conducting security clearance and criminal background checks. To increase efficiency, USCIS has in the past few years applied previously captured fingerprints to many new cases, but if USCIS is applying your old fingerprints to your I-485 application, it would have sent you a notice stating so. If you have not received a fingerprinting notice yet, you may file an e-request through the USCIS website to inquire about why you have not received your biometrics appointment yet.

1. Laid off H-1B employee, where the employer did not withdraw the approved H-1B, may be able to have a successful H-1B transfer

A reader asks:
This year is my last year of OPT, I finally won the H-1B lottery, but was laid off. My question is if I find a new job now, is there any way I can transfer this H-1B? I understand that the best H1B situation is after 10/01, I need to take two paychecks before leaving, but now I was laid off. What to do?

Arthur Lee answers:
Technically, since a cap H-1B petition is only valid starting on 10/01, you are not in valid H-1B status yet. By rule, you are not eligible for an H-1B transfer. This is USCIS’ official position. However, we have heard of a successful H-1B transfer where the party did it before his 60 day grace period was up, and his employer who laid him off did not withdraw the H-1B approval prior to 10/01. Other than that, your best options are probably to return to school for another year of study, or find another nonimmigrant employment pathway with another company willing and able to hire you such as but not limited to O-1, L-1, or E-1/E-2/E-3 if you qualify.

2. When the H-1B was not approved, the H-1B lottery spot could not be preserved 

A reader asks:
In 2016, I won the H-1B lottery but was requested RFE for additional materials. Later, at the end of June, the company suddenly terminated my work contract and cancelled my H-1B application. At the beginning of July, I returned to China immediately.  Now I have just returned to the United States after the epidemic. Can my H-1B be saved? Does it mean that I don’t need to draw the lottery again but only find a company that is willing to sponsor me? 

Arthur Lee answers:
Unfortunately, as your H-1B was not approved, you have never been in H-1B status. As such, your H-1B lottery spot has not been preserved. You cannot transfer an H-1B status which was not initially approved. Therefore, you will be subject to the lottery unless you apply for an organization that is cap exempt such as a higher educational institution, nonprofit organization affiliated with an institute of higher education, nonprofit research organization, or government research organization.

Article:
1. Where are all the I-601A cases going?

We have had a number of I-601A provisional unlawful presence waiver cases transferred lately, and wonder whether they are headed to the location provided in the transfer notice, the Potomac Service Center, or if they will be headed ultimately to the new virtual remote HART (Humanitarian, Adjustments, Removing Conditions, and Travel Documents) Service Center that is opening at this time in order to speed up processing as a result of pending litigation. Of special interest to us is that the remote center will concentrate on I-601A’s as well as “bona fide determinations” for U visa applicants (I-918), VAWA petitions (I-360), and asylum reunification petitions (I-730). In an article written by a senior fellow at the American Immigration Council, Dara Lind, “New USCIS Center Is Good News For Some Of Its Worst Backlog Victims”, Immigration Daily, 4/19/23, she said that the Council documented in a recent class-action lawsuit that processing times for I-601A grew sixfold from 2017 to 2022, and that of the two service centers handling the waivers, it is taking three years at one center and 3 ½ in another one to decide 80% of the waivers. Attorneys in the lawsuit estimate that the class of people who have waivers pending for more than 12 months would include at least 70,000 people. In favor of the ultimate destination being HART, it otherwise makes little sense to transfer from the Nebraska Service Center to the Potomac Service Center since both have a current published processing time of 44 months for 80% of the cases.

2. Watch out for distance learning.

During the pandemic, USCIS was operating under Covid flexibilities under which distance-learning had been allowed in excess of the regulations under 8 CFR 214.2(f)(6)(i)(G) which states:

(G) For F-1 students enrolled in classes for credit or classroom hours, no more than the equivalent of one class or three credits per session, term, semester, trimester, or quarter may be counted toward the full course of study requirement if the class is taken on-line or through distance education and does not require the student’s physical attendance for classes, examination or other purposes integral to completion of the class. An on-line or distance education course is a course that is offered principally through the use of television, audio, or computer transmission including open broadcast, closed circuit, cable, microwave, or satellite, audio conferencing, or computer conferencing. If the F-1 student’s course of study is in a language study program, no on-line or distance education classes may be considered to count toward a student’s full course of study requirement.

In an ICE SEVP Broadcast Message on 5/11/23: “Termination of SEVP COVID-19 Flexibilities”, ICE said that because of the termination of the Covid public emergency on 5/11/23, the SEVP Covid-19 guidance terminated on that day. Active F and M nonimmigrant students are able to complete the 2022-23 academic year under Covid-19 flexibilities through the 2023 summer semester. But active F and M nonimmigrant students will not be permitted to count online classes toward a full course of study in excess of the regulatory limits for the 2023-24 academic year. Initial or reentering students must enroll in programs complying with the regulatory limits for distance learning. This must give pause now to those students wishing to enroll in schools offering a tenuous connection to physical classroom instruction as USCIS may now be looking harder at these schools’ arrangements for instruction following the ending of the pandemic emergency.

Q&As:
1. After receiving your permanent residence card, you do not need I-131 or I-765

A reader asks:

Eb-1A and I-485 show that new card is being produced, but I-131 and I-765 show that case was received and fingerprints taken respectively. In this case, is there anything I need to do? Will I-131 and I-765 petitions be canceled automatically?

Mr. Lee answers,
It appears as if you received an email or emails from USCIS that your green card is being produced which although unofficial can usually be relied upon. It also appears that you have checked the USCIS online status system and the ancillary applications of I-131 advance parole and I-765 employment authorization application, which shows that the applications have been received and fingerprints taken. The online status system is only as current as the person inputting the data, and it would appear that no action has been taken although the information may not be current. You do not have to do anything at this point. USCIS should at this juncture close or deny both of the ancillary applications as it is granting your permanent residence. We have seen that sometimes when the agency personnel are working on the green card application and ancillary applications at the same time, the ancillary applications are approved as they are being worked on by other officers. Please note that if you receive approvals of advance parole and employment authorization after receiving your permanent residence card, they cannot be used as you are now in another status.

2. It is a common situation that combo cards are not adjudicated together for all members of the family

A reader asks:

I applied for EB-1B, and the principal and dependent had fingerprinted at the end of January. The main applicant’s combo card was approved at the end of February, but we have not heard anything on the dependent’s case yet. Is it normal? Is there a way to solve the situation?

Mr. Lee answers,
It is unfortunately a common situation that combo cards are not adjudicated together for all members of the family who apply for them. The solution is either to wait until the published processing times for 80% of adjudications in the categories of EAD and advance parole have been reached to trace the case through the USCIS Contact Center (1-800-375-5283 or one of the other ways to contact the Contact Center), or prove that the dependent meets the expedite criteria of the agency. The current expedite guidelines are:

• Severe financial loss to a company or person, provided that the need for urgent action is not the result of the petitioner’s or applicant’s failure: (1) to timely file the benefit request; or (2) to timely respond to any requests for additional evidence;
• Emergencies and urgent humanitarian reasons;
• Nonprofit organization (as designated by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)) whose request is in furtherance of the cultural or social interests of the United States;
• S. government interests (including cases identified as urgent by federal agencies such as the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), U.S. Department of Labor (DOL), National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), the U.S. Department of State (DOS), DHS, or other public safety or national security interests); or
• Clear USCIS error.

I note that we had a recent case in which the dependent received the combo card prior to the principal applicant, who had a more pressing need for it, but did not meet the expedite criteria. The principal did finally receive the card, just in time to keep working for the company without a break.

1. Get Your Green Card Faster with Cross-Chargeability

The situation in Silicon Valley this year is so bad, that I, without green card, am afraid of being layoff. I want to know if there is any way to get my green card quickly. My current background is: I graduated from a master program in the summer of 2019, and I got selected for H-1B before graduation. I started to apply for a green card on the first day I joined Amazon, but I didn’t get the I-140 approval until August 2021. I don’t know when I can get my green card.

A colleague pointed out two ways for me: 1. Marry a boyfriend who is not born in mainland China, and use cross-chargeability to jump in the queue to avoid waiting in priority date to be current. The advantage is that I don’t need to spend extra money and time. The disadvantage is that we are all a bit perfectionist. We want to experience the beautiful moments of life such as engagement and wedding, and we don’t want to rush just to get a marriage license. I don’t have a PhD degree and only have three papers, which with less than 100 citations. Is there any hope for me to apply for EB-1? 2. Per my current priority, when will I get my green card? 3. If I can do cross-chargeability, when can I get the green card?

Mr. Lee answers,
Cross-chargeability is used to assign the country chargeability of one spouse to the other where the dependent spouse is from a country with a more favorable immigrant visa availability in the petition category. For example, an applicant with EB-2 or EB-3 category approval from China is facing immigrant visa backlogs of 6/8/19 under EB-2 and 4/1/19 under EB-3 (June 2023 visa bulletin). If married to a spouse from a country like Japan or Taiwan, the backlog for EB-2 is much lesser with visa availability open to those who began EB-2 cases before 2/15/22 and EB-3 before 6/1/22. This presupposes a bona fide marriage of course, and not a marriage done as a favor, or as part of the conspiracy for the other party to gain immigration while the principal gains faster immigration. With cross-chargeability and your current priority date, the time to obtain permanent residence in a normal situation would depend upon the speed of the USCIS service center handling the I-485 applications and whether it has questions concerning your applications. The two service centers handling the bulk of the cases for employment-based adjustment have posted times to discourage persons from inquiring – the Nebraska Service Center has a posted time of 27 months, and the Texas Service Center 42.5 months. These timelines hardly seem realistic at this point and should be taken with a large grain of salt. To your other questions, there does not seem to be that much hope for you to apply for EB-1 given your described qualifications. I cannot estimate how long it would take for you to process your case without cross-chargeability as you did not give your priority date nor petition category in your fact situation – however, your priority date would have to become current for filing under your petition category before you could file for an adjustment of status application. At that point, you would look at the current processing time of USCIS for an estimate of how long your case would take to be processed to finality.

2. O-1 Visas Does not Have a Dual Intent Provision

My EB-1A was approved, and it may take more than a year to wait for the interview at the Guangzhou Consulate. Is there any way to go to the United States ahead of time? I heard it would be okay if it was an O-1 visa? In addition, if I land in advance, do I still have to go back to China for a Consulate interview after I receive the interview notice?

Mr. Lee answers,
If you qualify under a nonimmigrant working visa, you may be able to go to the US ahead of the time that you would have to wait for the interview in Guangzhou. As an EB-1A, your qualifications are most likely enough to qualify you for the O-1 visa. I do not know whether your EB-1A was petitioned for by an organization or whether you self-sponsored yourself, but kindly note that O-1 visa sponsorship requires a petitioning organization or agency. If you have a petitioning organization or agent, then you may be petitioned and able to come into the US under the O-1 visa. One other note is that an O-1 visa unlike H-1B specialized occupation and L-1 intracompany transferee visas does not have a dual intent provision under which an individual’s intent to immigrate is not relevant to the adjudication. Even if O’s are in a gray area of intent, most American consulates will issue O-1 visas even where the I-140 petition has already been approved assuming that there are no ineligibilities. If you are in the US pursuant to an O-1 visa, it would perhaps be more courteous and correct for you to return for the interview in Guangzhou instead of attempting to adjust status in the States.

3. PERM now Takes Approximately 9-10 Months for Analyst Reviews

I have filed a PERM, but it hasn’t yet been approved, and my I-140 is not yet approved. For family reasons, I need to relocate to an office in another state. My questions are: will this have any impact on my pending PERM? Some lawyers said that the current PERM would continue to go on, the priority date is locked as the I-140 was filed, and then PERM needs to be done again at the new address. My PERM has filed almost 9 months, why I have not heard back anything? Is the company cheating on me? what do I do?

Mr. Lee answers,
PERM labor certification applications test whether there is availability of US workers in a certain area. It is clear from your questions that the recruitment has already been conducted, the application filed, and the move in question a future move. When a job relocates to a state other than what was put down as the work location in the PERM application, the application usually needs to be done all over again. An exception may be where the job is the same, the employer is the same, and the new position is within commuting distance of the worksite address in the application. Assuming that the labor certification application is approved and the new worksite within commuting distance, your company’s attorney would make the argument for the validity of the labor certification to USCIS in the I-140 petition. To your query as to why there is no news although your PERM application is almost 9 months old, it appears that the Department of Labor is currently taking approximately 9-10 months to reach labor certification applications for analyst reviews.

4. Applying for EB-1B, Job Opportunities and I-140 Employers are Indispensable

I have a doctor degree in Phys from the West Coast. I have been working in New York after graduating at the end of 2020. My citations are 900+, had some news reports, and 2 review papers. After graduation, I did not write any articles. Recently, I have been asking for magazines’ editors to get some review opportunities. In the past two years, I didn’t think about the green card, and I just wanted to apply for EB-1A recently. The lawyer said that my articles are relatively old and asked me to apply after I have had new articles published. However, because I changed my field, it is more difficult for me to publish articles again. Is there any chance for me to get my NIW approved? How about EB-1B?

Mr. Lee answers,
It is impressive that you have 900+ citations with news reports, and two review papers. It is understandable that the lawyer would be concerned and taking on an EB-1A application for you if your article is relatively old. One of the criteria for EB-1A is that you have sustained national or international acclaim. Insofar as NIW is concerned, having the PhD is certainly helpful, but you must also be able to convince USCIS that whatever endeavor you will be working on is substantial and in the national interest; that you are well-positioned to advance the endeavor; and that on balance, it would be beneficial to the United States to waive the job offer and thus the labor certification requirement. For EB-1B, you need to fulfill at least two criteria of which your articles, news reports, and review papers may be able to satisfy – however, EB-1B is not a self -sponsored petition, and you must not only be able to prove that you are an outstanding researcher, but also that the petitioning organization has a research component in which you will be performing research.  Although a labor certification is not required in EB-1B cases, a job offer and petitioning I-140 employer are necessities.

1. The time to begin a labor certification is 2 years prior to the 6-year expiration of H-1B

I am a PhD in Tiankeng major (which is the collective name of Chinese netizens for the four majors of biology, chemistry , environment , and materials ( biochemical and environmental materials ), and I switched to computer field in 2019. In 2019, I won the H-1B lottery and went through several companies. Unfortunately, every time when my PERM was about to be approved or ready to file PERM, I was laid off (twice), and never filed PERM. My current situation is that my company successfully filed the PERM for me in March of this year, but I am not sure whether I will be laid off before the I-140 is approval. Now I want to apply for NIW-EB-2, and my articles were cited 23 times at the journal/conference and had 160 reviews1. My questions are: How do I apply for NIW which can extend my H-1B? My H-1B will be in the fifth year in October 2024. When do I need to get my PERM’s I-140 approval to renew my H-1B? Will it be before October 2024 or October 2025? When I got the approved I-140, I would want to leave the company, but will the company withdraw the I-140 application if I leave? At present, the PERM of all companies, large and small, has basically stopped. what do I do?

Mr. Lee answers,
Whether USCIS will approve your NIW EB-2 application depends upon the officer’s judgment of your qualifications in light of the precedent decision, Matter of Dhanasar, with factors whether your endeavor has both substantial merit and national importance; whether you are well-positioned to advance the endeavor; and if on balance, it would be beneficial to the United States to waive the job offer and thus the permanent labor certification requirement. In order to renew your H-1B past the standard six year limitation, you would either have to have 365 days pass since filing the NIW or labor certification application, or if you are from a country with backlogged quota, have an approved I-140 petition. The time to begin a labor certification if everything goes well is approximately two years prior to the six-year expiration due to the time required to obtain the prevailing wage determination and for the labor certification to pass through the Department of Labor. If you obtain an I- 140 approval, the petitioning organization generally has 180 days to revoke the petition. If such is done within 180 days, the priority date is usually preserved, but the petition is not valid for extending H-1B status past the six-year limit.

2. PERM application related skills depends on the employer’s requirement

I graduated this year, and I am lucky to get an offer as a junior front engineer at the beginning of the year. The company is willing to immediately to get started with PERM EB-2 for me. A few days ago, the lawyer contacted me and gave me a verification of skill. The letter template only lists a few points and says it cannot be changed. However, I feel it is very unreliable. I worry more about it will attract a large number of local people to apply when the job is advertised. Have you tried using this small amount of simple skills, people have successfully passed the PERM labor certification in the end? Would it be better to write more skills?

Mr. Lee answers,
It appears from your fact situation that you have already gone over all of your skills with the attorney and he or she has given you a template of an experience letter based upon what he or she believes are the relevant skills to be required in the labor certification application. Please note that the education, experience, and other skills in an application are based upon what the employer requires and not necessarily what the applicant possesses. For example, an applicant may have 20 different kinds of skills, but the employer only requires three or four of them as relevant to the offered job. The Department of Labor requires the employer to list its minimal requirements for the position. If you believe that the attorney is failing to recognize relevant skills for the position taking the employer’s needs into account, you should contact him or her to explain their relevance and why they should be included as requirements in the PERM application.

3. PWD can be used for the same position and multiple people

I am applying for employment green card under EB-2. My lawyer told me that my job description and background were very similar to another colleague in the company, and suggested to use his prevailing wage determination (PWD) directly, saying that way, I could skip my job posting and could start 9089 form directly. Is it possible to do like this? That means the PWD follows the job instead of the person. If I meet the same job requirement, I can skip the job posting process?

Mr. Lee answers,
Labor certification applications are for individual applicants –that being said, a prevailing wage determination (PWD) can be used for multiple individuals having the same position with the same requirements. In such case, the attorney or other preparer of the application must ensure that the job is the same, the offered wage to the alien is at least at the prevailing wage level, and that the alien’s education, work experience, and any special requirements of the ETA-9141 prevailing wage form are met by all applicants using the prevailing wage determination. If any parts of recruitment pursuant to the prevailing wage determination have been completed, they can usually be used in connection with the ETA 9089 PERM application forms of other individuals. Recruitment is only good for 180 days from the date of PWD issuance where the recruitment was begun prior to the date of issuance, or 180 days from the date of first recruitment if recruitment was begun after the PWD was issued. So you should ensure that your case fits within the parameters of the ETA 9141 and that it is submitted on time in the event that you and the attorney choose to use the already issued PWD for your case.

4. EB-2 and EB-3 can apply at the same time

Currently, I have the I-140 employment-based immigration approval under EB-2, but the priority date is still many years away, and it could take three to five years. Recently EB-3 category’s priority date has moved forward. Is it possible to file an EB-3 I-140, to keep EB-3 and EB-2 at the same time, instead of downgrading? In this case, whichever comes first can be submitted first.  Are there any risks in doing so?

Mr. Lee answers,
It is entirely possible to file another I-140 under EB-3 even if you already have an approved I-140 under the EB-2 preference category. What you are asking is commonly done, and we have done so many times for our Chinese and Indian clients. When the priority date becomes current for one of the categories, you could file for adjustment of status under the petition that has visa availability. We do not see the risk in doing another petition unless the petitioning organization can no longer support the prevailing wage of the labor certification (we assume that this is a labor certification based case).

5. The old and new companies overlap for 1 month, you should answer truthfully

After being laid off, I continued to stay on payroll for three months. During that period, I found a job, and there was a one-month overlap between the last day of the previous employer’s payroll and the first day of the new company. In this case, what date should I put down on the form as the last day of my former employer when the new company applies a green card for me?

Mr. Lee answers,
There is no easy answer to your question. The issue you are likely attempting to address is how to handle the 60 day grace period that H-1B holders are allowed to find another organization and have that organization file a H-1B transfer petition. Did your old company consider the layoff to take effect at the beginning of the 90 days or sometime later? Did your old company send a letter of termination immediately to USCIS or did it do so later? If you are relying upon a statement of prior experience from the old company, what dates will it attest to as your time of employment? Generally, the best policy is honesty taking the above or any other factors into account.

 

1. Receiving the immigration letter does not mean that the I-485 will be approved

I am now in OPT status. I submitted my immigration application and the priority date is September 2022. At the end of last year, I sent my I-485 to USCIS, and I went for fingerprinting in March this year. I recently received a letter from the Immigration Bureau asking me to submit some additional materials. Does this mean that my case is being handled? I don’t think my priority date is current yet, and my I-131 and I-765 application are still pending. I just want to know when can I get my combo card? That way I can go back home.

Mr. Lee answers,
Receiving a request for information from USCIS in an I-485 application means that someone at the agency is looking at your case, but that does not mean that your case will be approved since the priority date is not current. Cases cannot be approved before immigrant visas are available. It is difficult to say when your employment authorization and advance parole applications will be approved. Your fact situation does not say when you applied for the benefits, but I will assume for purposes of the question that you applied for them also in September 2022. At that time, USCIS had decoupled applications and was no longer issuing combo cards. (We have recently seen the resurrection of such in a few recent I-485 cases requesting both benefits, which is a good sign). Current USCIS published processing projections for the vast majority of its cases by service center are the following:

Advance Parole: Texas Service Center – 17.5 months; Nebraska Service Center – 11 months; California Service Center 18 months; National Benefits Center – 11.5 months; Vermont Service Center – 8 months.

Employment authorization: Texas 17 months; Nebraska 17 months; California 18.5 months; NBC 11.5 months; Vermont 15 months.

It may unfortunately take some time for USCIS to issue you these benefits. I note that we have had some recent I-485 filings in which advance parole/employment authorizations came quickly and even in the form of combo cards. While grateful for these cases, we believe that USCIS should seriously work on its backlogs.

2. The status of the case does not reflect the processing status

Yesterday I received an update from USCIS that my I-765 card was issued. But the strange thing is that I-131 on myUSCIS shows case closed, but the status on I-485 and I-130 are still under review. Is this normal? This morning I received 5 more emails from the USCIS, saying that they are going to process my case, but the online case status is still the same as yesterday. Is my I-485 going to be approved? Or is there a combo card first?

Mr. Lee answers,
USCIS does not generally close out an I-131 advance parole request when related to an I-485 adjustment of status to permanent residence filing unless the I-485 is being approved. We have had situations in which I-765 employment authorization requests have been approved when the I-485’s have been on the cusp of being approved. (We recently had such situation about a month ago). It may very well happen that you will receive unofficial and later the official notice of the I-485 approval. The online case status system does not always reflect current conditions in a case’s processing. Whatever is placed on the online case status system is only as current as the individual officer or clerk inputting information into the system.

3. Engineers worked in a China state owned enterprise usually do not affect immigration

My I-140 petition has been approved and I can now file the I-485 form. I looked at the form and found that I had to fill in my previous overseas work experience, even if it was 5 years ago. I used to work in a state-owned enterprise. Does this work experience affect the I-485 application?

Mr. Lee answers,
Form I-485, Page 5, Part 3 requests employment history for the last five years whether inside or outside the US. Page 6 of Part 3 requests that you provide your most recent employment outside of the US if not already listed. So an applicant is obligated to provide the information of most recent non-US employment even if not within the past five years. The information can be used to check back on representations made by applicants when they filled out visa applications to the US in the past. Depending upon the level of the position, work experience in a state-owned enterprise in China may raise questions of whether the applicant was or is a member of the Communist Party. While an engineer in such an enterprise may not raise eyebrows, a director in the enterprise could cause questions to be asked.

4. Different immigration categories have different processing times

I would like to know how the Immigration Bureau will give the number? Is it the date according to Priority Date? Or the date the I-485 was filed? For example, many of the I-485s in front of and behind the number MSC2390198XXX show card making or approval. Shouldn’t the I-485 be processed according to the smoothness of the number? Can you still jump in line?

Mr. Lee answers,
A USCIS case number is assigned at the time that an application or petition is receipted by the agency. Case numbers are chronological by service center, e.g. Vermont Service Center (VSC), California Service Center (WAC), National Benefit Center (MSC). The first two numbers indicate the year and the rest the chronological number of the application receipted during the year. The priority date of cases for family-based petitions is the date of receipt while priority date for employment based cases is either the labor certification receipt date (where a labor certification is involved) or receipt date where there is no labor certification, e.g. EB-1, NIW. Cases are generally processed chronologically, but they are processed chronologically according to the type of case. There are different processing times for the different categories of family-based and employment-based cases. Expediting a case out of line can be done where USCIS offers premium processing for a certain fee. Without such, it is very difficult to expedite an application or petition. Under USCIS guidelines, it may expedite a benefit request if it falls under one or more of the following criteria or circumstance:

• Severe financial loss to a company or person, provided that the need for urgent action is not the result of the petitioner’s or applicant’s failure: (1) to timely file the benefit request; or (2) to timely respond to any requests for additional evidence;
• Emergencies and urgent humanitarian reasons;
• Nonprofit organization (as designated by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)) whose request is in furtherance of the cultural or social interests of the United States;
• S. government interests (including cases identified as urgent by federal agencies such as the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), U.S. Department of Labor (DOL), National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), the U.S. Department of State (DOS), DHS, or other public safety or national security interests); or
• Clear USCIS error.

 

 

1. To Apply EB-1A, You Must Show that Your Immigration Will be of Benefit to the US

I am in my fourth year of PhD and I am preparing documents to apply for EB-1A. The lawyer asks for an employment letter which would state that after my graduation I would be hired. My school advisor already knew that I would not stay as a postgraduate student, and I wrote in my NIW I also indicated that I would find a job in an industrial field. So if there is no offer letter from my advisor, my lawyer said I had two other options: one is get an offer letter from others; the other is actively applying for jobs. My questions are: 1. Is it too late to find a job now? 2. The document says that the advisor’s offer letter is the best of these three. Therefore, is it for a doctoral degree graduate to apply for EB-1A with a postdoctoral offer? 3. If #2 is true, is there any bad influence if I don’t go for postdoctoral degree?

Mr. Lee answers,
You can generally start a green card EB-1A case whenever you choose and unless you have some unusual time pressures, it is not too late to find a job that can give you an employment letter. On the type of job and your lawyer’s document saying that the school’s job letter is the best among the three options, it may well be that your education and extraordinary knowledge are best used in a research capacity and that academia may offer the best opportunity. Although the EB-1A category criteria are different from those of a national interest (NIW) case, you must still be able to show that your immigration will be of benefit to the country. If you are able to secure a position in industry in which you will be able to utilize your knowledge and skills in an advanced manner, e.g. scientist as opposed to technician or analyst, such might also be an acceptable offer of employment.

2. Don’t Let I-485 Fall into a Black Hole Because of EB-1

I applied for EB-1, but received RFE for I-140.  I have filed an EB-2 application and I-140 has been approved.  Can I file my I-485 directly on the basis of my approved EB-2? Do I have to cancel the pending EB-1 application that has been RFE?  I am worried about my application going into a black hole.

Mr. Lee answers,
I will assume for purposes of your question that there are no outstanding contradictions between the information provided in the EB-1 and EB-2 petitions. As long as your priority date is current for EB-2, you should be able to file your I-485 application with the approved EB-2 petition as long as you are maintaining legal status or 180 days or less of illegal status have elapsed and you entered the US with a visa. Assuming the above and that you are not otherwise inadmissible, you do not have to cancel the pending EB-1 petition although there would then seem little reason to keep it if you already have an approved EB-2 petition and the priority date has open visa availability. A visa petition is a preliminary petition and is not an application for immigration itself. An actual application is submitted through form I-485 Application for Adjustment of Status to Permanent Residence or if consular processing your case, form DS-260 Application for Immigrant Visa. Kindly note that withdrawing or canceling your EB-1 petition does not mean that USCIS will discard it. It will keep it although it may or may not become part of your permanent file. Your I-485 should not go into a black hole on account of the EB-1 petition regardless of which action you take.

3. EAD Processing Time is About 3.5 to 6 Months

I found a job in a lottery-free school, and the school promised to help me apply for H-1B, and I can apply for a green card after three years. My wife needs to apply for H-4. How long does it take for H-4 to apply for work authorization (EAD)?

Mr. Lee answers,
Under current law, a H-4 spouse is only eligible for an EAD under one of two situations – the H-1B principal has an approved I-140 petition or the H-1B is applying for an extension past the normally allowable six year time limit of H-1B status based on having filed either an employment visa petition (I-140) or labor certification application & 365 days have elapsed. I imagine that the first situation will likely occur before the latter. As your school will only apply for the green card after three years, the timing after that will depend upon how long a labor certification will take, or if the case is being done without labor certification, how long it will take for you to obtain the I-140 approval after three years. Following that, your spouse could then apply for the EAD and the further timing would depend upon the processing time of the relevant USCIS service center. Currently, such EADs are being processed anywhere from 3.5 – 6 months (current published processing times) dependent upon which service center is involved.

4. Priority Date Could not be Transferred to Spouse

My current situation is that my EB-1B has just been approved, but because EB-1 is not current, I have to wait for the priority to become current. The conservatively estimated time is about 1 to 2 years before I-485 can be submitted.  I did not apply for EB-2. My teammate has an EB-2 with a 2019 PD. I would like to know if I can this link my EB-1 to his EB-2?

Mr. Lee answers,
There are certain situations in which priority dates are transferable from one case to another, but they invariably involve the same person. For example, if you had a 2019 EB-2 approval, you could have used it in support of your EB-1 I-140 petition to request the earlier priority date. However, even if you were married and your spouse had a 2019 priority date, that could not be transferred to your petition. Each petition must go its own way.

5. In Case of any Difficulty, Please Contact the Immigration Contact Center First

I hold a green card and have met the requirements for naturalization. After I asked for a rescheduled appointment for my first naturalization interview due to physical discomfort, I suddenly received a letter from the US Immigration Service a month ago, informing me that I did not show up for the interview and that I had not contacted the US Immigration Service. After that, I made several phone calls and online contacts with the USCIS, and they all said that the application for the repeated appointment was approved. Last week, I suddenly received a notice from the field office, saying that I did not go to the interview for no reason, so the naturalization application has been administratively closed. I’ve written to the local field office to explain the situation, but am still concerned. Excuse me, can I ask the local MP for help in this situation?

Mr. Lee answers,
Your example is the reason why we always encourage our clients to make it to USCIS appointments if at all possible. USCIS will occasionally do what it did in your situation. Yours is not a rare situation. That being said, probably the best way to communicate with USCIS is to bring up the matter with its Contact Center which can be reached telephonically at 1-800-375-5283 from 8 AM-8PM EST. Writing to the local field office is no longer the preferred way of reaching out to the agency. If you wish, you can reach out to your local member of Congress for assistance, but you may also wish to try the Contact Center first.

1. A question on prevailing wage determination (PWD) for a roving employee or one whose final work location has not been determined. 

A reader asks,
My prevailing salary level (PWD) is approved, but the company’s pay center has changed location. After waiting for 6 months, I finally got the PWD. I received an email from a lawyer today, saying that I can start advertising, and asked me to send him some information, including the latest pay slip. I sent it. I thought everything was just waiting, but after a few hours, a lawyer said that the entity name of my pay slip had changed, and I had to wait another 8 months for a new file. what do I do? I explained the reason, saying that it is not because the entity name has changed, but because the location of the pay center has changed, from the original IL to CA. This requires refile, but how do I know? I never paid attention to this, because the company has never changed or reorganized. However, I went to see the pay slip today, and it did change many times in the middle, as if it changed every few months. HR said this is normal. I would like to ask, I am now asking HR to change my pay center back to IL, and it has been kept in IL. Is it possible to continue to use the current PWD?I have been working remotely for more than a year since I was hired, because when I applied for PWD before, I asked whether to apply according to my home location, and the lawyer said no, I need to do it according to the company headquarters office. The entity name company at that time happened to belong to IL, so they used IL. I didn’t know the pay slip keeps changing. I asked HR, and he said that the Pay center is determined according to the company code of each month or each period. I’m remote, it doesn’t affect me. I still file taxes according to my current state. HR said that I can apply for my manager to help me fix it on the pay center of IL. The lawyer didn’t respond either. what to do?

Mr. Lee answers,
A prevailing wage determination (PWD) for a roving employee or one whose final work location has not been determined should generally be the prevailing wage of the headquarters metropolitan statistical area. It is not clear from your fact situation whether the name on the prevailing wage form is that of the headquarters office in Illinois or a separate entity in Illinois. If a separate entity like a professional employer organization (PEO), it may well be that the prevailing wage will have to be redone unless everyone agrees that that will be the sponsoring entity and all documents come from there. In that case, a change back to being paid by the pay center in Illinois might make the situation easier for USCIS to understand in the I-140 phase. However, if the PWD was done for that location, and under the company name and not the pay center, I fail to see what is wrong with it. Recruitment would then be conducted in the headquarters location. The payslip issue would looked at by USCIS in the next phase of your case, the I-140 petition, assuming that the labor certification is approved. If the company is using its various offices in different locations to issue payslips and W-2s, the company would have to provide an explanation concerning the relationship and how the company operates with reference to payment of its employees. If the company uses a PEO, a company explanation along with proof of its relationship with the PEO would be warranted. In that case, the company should also be the petitioning organization on the I-140 and not the company’s pay center nor PEO. Issues of who is the actual employer with rights to hire, pay, fire, supervise, or otherwise control your work may come into play along with requests by USCIS to document these points if the petitioner is one of the company branches or PEO. As this is a complicated issue, and you may not know all the facts, your company should work with its attorney to take the best course of action keeping you informed of its decisions.

2. J-2 dependent who has EAD approved is generally allowed to work in the U.S.

A reader asks,
I am in China and want to apply for J-1 or H-1B to work in the United States. My spouse will go with me. How can the spouse legally work? What are the options? Is there any way to exempt?

Mr. Lee answers,
The J-2 dependent of a J-1 visa holder is generally allowed to work in the United States upon application as long as the income is not being used to support the J-1 holder. The dependent would file an I-765 application for employment authorization at any time after arrival with USCIS paying the filing fee of $410 along with submitting requisite documentation (not onerous). The legend to place on the application for the category of work is C-5. H-4 dependents of H-1B visa holders find it more difficult to apply for work authorization as it can only be done when the H-1B holder is being sponsored for permanent immigration by an organization and has the I-140 petition approved (the step after obtaining a labor certification) or the H-1B holder has been approved for an extension of time past the normal allowable six year period of H-1B status as 365 days have elapsed since the filing of a labor certification application or I-140 petition. Please be aware (if you are not already) that J-1 visas for China nationals come almost exclusively with a two-year home residence requirement before the applicant is eligible for H-1B or L-1 (intracompany transferee) or permanent residence approval.

3. H-1B holders who already have H-1B visas in the passports would continue to travel in and out using the visas.

A reader asks,
I am working in the US and I am going back to China to visit my relatives. I heard that combo cards are issued separately now, so do I not have to worry about H-1B’s invalidation if I return to my home country?

Mr. Lee answers,
Combo cards combining I-131 Application for Travel Document advance parole and I-765 Application for Employment Authorization benefits in one card were discontinued by USCIS in April 2022. At this time, employment authorization is usually given faster than advance parole. Advance parole allows individuals free travel in and out of the US during the time that an I-485 adjustment of status application is pending. Without advance parole, most applicants are precluded from traveling. H-1B’s, however, are still allowed to travel during the adjustment of status phase without advance parole. Those who already have H-1B visas in the passports would continue to travel in and out using the visas. A point of decision arises for those without visas who wish to travel outside. Some fear that they may be denied H-1B visas while overseas, and so those would usually apply for advance parole and wait for it to be issued before safely leaving and returning to the US. A difficulty with advance parole at this time is that USCIS does not give these applications priority, and so advance paroles are usually approved between 6-12 months from the date of application. We note that the speed of adjudication is inconsistent as we recently had one approved within eight days of application while another pended 18 months. To discourage individuals from asking about their cases, USCIS has posted processing times of 14 months for the California Service Center, 11.5 for the National Benefits Center, 13.54 Nebraska, 16.54 Texas, and 7 for the Vermont Center.