Category: Articles

As published in the Immigration Daily on March 3, 2026

What is a refugee? A person fleeing persecution. If coming to the US, a person who has been vetted constantly over a long period of time and when finally admitted, welcomed to the country and sponsored by private organizations to become acclimated to be a productive member of society.

So it was shocking to read the horror story inflicted by ICE on a refugee who had done all the right things since being admitted to this country. As reported in the January 29, 2026, New York Times article, “They Had Done Everything Right. ICE Detained Them Anyway,” https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/26/us/politics/ice-minnesota-refugees.html, a refugee Eritrean single mother of three in St. Paul, Selamawit Mehari, was taken from her apartment by ICE in the presence of her 13-year-old son and an older daughter who produced papers proving their mother was in the US lawfully, but they took her away anyway. The next day, chained at the wrists, waist and ankles, the mother was hustled off on a plane to a detention center in Texas. She spent five days in custody. Before Texas, she was told by ICE in Minnesota that she would be transferred to Texas and deported and whether she wanted to take her kids with her. An officer explained that she had been detained because she had not adjusted her status and her case would be reassessed. In Texas, she was given prison garments, rubber slippers and locked in a frigid room with other women with mattresses on the floor and thin metallic sheets to huddle under. She lost track of time. At some point, she was questioned for three hours with an interpreter on the line. The questions were the same questions that she had answered when she was approved to come to the US as a refugee. At the end of five days, she was released along with other refugees without money or identification and had to make her way from Texas back to Minnesota. Later that day, the family learned that her green card had been approved. The day after release, she still did not have her documents or her favorite gold chain which had been confiscated (at the price of gold these days, one hopes that ICE returned the chain).

Further shocking in the article were assertions that more than 100 refugees with no criminal records from about a dozen countries had been arrested in Minnesota by immigration agents in recent weeks and flown to detention centers in Texas for interviews.

And yet all became clear in a February 18, 2026, submission by the government to Judge John R. Tunheim of US District Court in Minnesota in the case of UHA v. Bondi, 26-CV-417-J RT-DLM containing a same-day USCIS/ICE memo, “Detention of Refugees Who Have Failed to Adjust to Lawful Permanent Resident Status” Feb 18 USCIS ICE Chamorro Memo.pdf – Google Drive, outlining how any refugee who had lived in the US for at least one year and not yet acquired permanent resident status could be arrested and detained by DHS.

The memo cites authority under the refugee adjustment statute, INA §209 (a) (1), that unadjusted refugees return or be returned to DHS custody for inspection and examination for admission to the US – that refugees may be considered to have voluntarily returned to custody by submitting an application to adjust status and appearing at scheduled interviews or appointments pertaining to their adjustment of status application – but if a refugee does not voluntarily return at the one-year mark, the statute provides that the alien shall be returned to DHS custody requiring DHS to locate, arrest, and take the alien into custody (page 3).

The statute clearly contemplates a process under which a refugee who has not acquired permanent resident status through other means and has been physically present in the US for at least one year should file for adjustment of status to permanent residence. The memo itself acknowledges filing to adjust status and appearing at scheduled interviews or appointments as compliance with the requirement of voluntarily returning to custody. The statute does not contemplate detention under such circumstances.

So the standard way in which refugees “return” is through applying for adjustment of status. However, they are not allowed to apply for adjustment of status until one year has passed since their admission as refugee. 8 CFR 209.1. On application, the average time for adjudication on adjustment of status is 12 months according to USCIS current processing times. https://egov.uscis.gov/processing-times/. Is an adjustment applicant protected from detention during the waiting period?  Apparently not, if the similar shanghaiings of Ms. Mehari and three other refugees mentioned in the New York Times article who had already applied to adjust status are examples.

How vetted are refugees before coming to the country? Heavily. The US Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP) includes biometric and biographic checks occurring at multiple stages throughout the process, including at the time of the preliminary resettlement support center interview, before applicants’ departure to the US, and on arrival in the US at the port of entry. Among the various checks are the Department of State Consular Lookout and Support System (CLASS) during prescreening by the resettlement support center including name checks on the applicant’s primary names as well as on any variations. Interagency checks vet applicants through biographic data, including names, dates of birth, and other data points of all refugee applicants within designated age ranges. Before or at the time of USCIS interview, biometric checks are initiated which include FBI fingerprint check through next-generation identification, DHS automated biometric identification system (IDENT), and Department of Defense biometric record check. Applicants then go through a USCIS refugee interview in which highly trained USCIS officers conduct extensive in-person, overseas interviews with all refugee applicants crosschecking many lines of inquiry and developing lines of questioning. National security concerns are handled under the USCIS Controlled Application Review and Resolution Process (CARRP) and enhanced review on certain refugee cases is done by the USCIS Fraud Detection and National Security Directorate (FDNS). Prior to flying to the US, applicants are further subject to Customs and Border Protection (CBP) vetting and inspection before being admitted to the country. https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/refugees-and-asylum/refugees/refugee-processing-and-security-screening

So these are individuals who should be given the presumption of not being threats against the interests of the United States. If the memo was due to the actions of Rahmanullah Lakanwal, a 29-year-old Afghan national accused of shooting two National Guard members in Washington, D.C in November 2025, the memo should be withdrawn because the circumstances of his reported case do not indicate that Mr. Lakanwal’s entry into the country was based on anything but the truth or that he was a secret sympathizer with America’s enemies. The known facts are that he helped the CIA in Afghanistan in an elite counterterrorism Zero Unit; was airlifted to the US under humanitarian parole in “Operation Allies Welcome” the month after the US military withdrew from Afghanistan; applied for and was granted asylum under the Trump administration in April 2025; and was reported to be struggling with psychological and economic problems, frustration and depression. A caseworker said that she personally believed that he was suffering from both PTSD from his work with the US military and possibly manic-depressive, mostly depressive. National Guard shooter’s social posts, messages reveal turmoil – The Washington Post.

The memo states that refugees may voluntarily appear for inspection by showing up in an immigration office or complying with scheduled appointments, yet this writer has not read or heard of USCIS sending out appointments for refugees to appear directly after one year of their admissions – neither has he heard that refugees can just appear at a USCIS office without appointment. Security guards at federal buildings typically turn away those without appointments, and even if making it past security, immigration officers usually do not have time or the means to accommodate those without appointments.

The nation should not be stigmatizing, detaining, attempting to deport, and transporting refugees to distant states in wretched conditions as this is treatment not even meted out to the worst criminals or suspected foreign agents. The memo appears to have only been contrived to terrorize the refugee community and to discourage their further legal stay in this country. It should be immediately withdrawn.

As published in the Immigration Daily on January 23, 2026

It is mid-January and the annual cap H-1B season and registration selection process of USCIS is upon us. If cap-subject organizations intend to participate, they should begin to identify candidates in this month if not yet started.

This H-1B season features two new pieces of law which organizations should consider – the Presidential Proclamation’s  $100,000 fee if the company is sponsoring new H-1B petitions from individuals who are overseas or for those in the US whose changes of status are denied https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/09/restriction-on-entry-of-certain-nonimmigrant-workers/, and the weighted wage rule which will favor organizations willing to pay a higher wage under the Department of Labor standard for wage levels. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-12-29/html/2025-23853.htm.  

It should be noted that although both new laws may still be blocked, it should be assumed that they will remain in place for this year’s selection, which will make the selection process more exacting for organizations and their legal representatives.

A reminder – that in the weighted wage rule, just as in a lottery, the highest wage levels get the most ping-pong balls and more chances to win, or in this case to be selected –four balls for level IV, three for level III, two for level II, and one for level I.

Another challenge will be the amount of information required in the process which will necessitate careful thought and preparation in the registration and, if selected, in the later H-1B petition. Information must be disclosed in the registration on the wage to be paid, SOC code (meaning that the job must be defined) and area of employment. The registration process in the past has not required such data. Careful assessment of all registration information to be disclosed should be made to ensure that relevant factors are thoroughly considered and that future applications and petitions are not jeopardized by DHS analysis of submitted information given its rapidly expanding use of AI to crosscheck current with past information.

Most organizations and candidates wonder about the odds of being picked in the weighted wage system. Besides the accepted fact that level III and level IV wages will give more opportunities to be picked, what is the severity of disadvantage if the position’s wage level is level I or level II? Do interested organizations throw up their hands and decide that the odds are not worth the time and expense of submitting H-1B registrations? USCIS itself came up with a methodology in the weighted wage rule using a modeling acceptance figure of 29% for past annual selections based on historical data and somehow extrapolating estimated odds for this year of level I – 15.29%, level II – 30.58%, level III – 45.87%, and level IV – 61.16%. (page 60948 of the Federal Register final rule):

Are these figures approximately correct? It is difficult to say, but it appears that the figures are inaccurate if the $100,000 H-1B fee survives court challenges. The modeling never took into account the effect of the staggering fee in discouraging registrations from overseas in neither the proposed rulemaking nor the final rule. In the final rule’s analysis, DHS explained (page 60941 of the Federal Register final rule):

In this analysis, DHS uses historical data of both registrations and received petitions to estimate the future registration and petition population. DHS uses five-year averages to estimate the number of registrations and H-1B cap-subject petitions received annually. DHS does not adjust these estimates to account for the H-1B Proclamation because, as discussed earlier in this preamble, (1) that Proclamation applies to only a subset of H-1B petitions, (2) exceptions to the $100,000 payment may be granted by the Secretary …, and (3) the H-1B Proclamation will expire, absent extension, 12 months from its effective date. This rule, in contrast, will continue indefinitely.

The following is food for further thought. A USCIS report, “Characteristics of H1B Specialty Occupation Workers” www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/reports/ola_signed_h1b_characteristics_congressional_report_FY24.pdf? released in April 2025 gave information that of the 141,205 H-1B petitions approved for initial employment, 53.8% went to individuals for change of status, amendment, and/or extension of stay processed inside the US, and 46.2% for those consular processing outside the country. Although there are obvious problems correlating this type of data to number of anticipated received registrations and there may be a rush of individuals attempting to come into the US on other types of visas in the hope that they may be selected for H-1B registration and be able to change status successfully, the sheer thought that approximately half of initial H-1B petitions come from overseas shows the potential for a much lower number of registrations for FY 2027 than in FY 2026 (343,981 eligible registrations) https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/temporary-workers/h-1b-specialty-occupations/h-1b-electronic-registration-process? The total count in FY 2026 is probably a better benchmark of likely registration numbers than five-year averages as it was the first year using both biocentric and modernization rules which heavily reduced the counts from four of the last five years. If so, wage levels that must be declared for applicants under the H-1B wage weighting regulation would be impacted so that more beneficiaries with wage level I and II offers could be selected than under the USCIS estimate.

Although the author makes no claim to be a statistician, it seems logical that a recalculation based upon a much lesser number of H-1B registrations along with the known fact that USCIS accepts 120,000+ H-1B registrations annually instead of the 85,000 annual allotted number to make up for anticipated shortfalls due to such factors as candidate withdrawals, job offers falling through, employers discovering ineligibility of the candidates, denials, rejections, withdrawals, and revocations, would improve the odds of selection for lower level wage earners.

Organizations may wish to concentrate efforts on H-1B candidates already here in the States with clear immigration histories more confident that USCIS projected acceptance statistics of level I and level II applicants are likely invalid if the $100,000 H-1B fee is upheld for this year’s registration. On the present status of the fee litigation, there appear to be three main cases. The District Court in Chamber of Commerce of the USA v. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, No. 1:25-cv-03675 (D.D.C. Dec. 23, 2025), upheld the fee and an appeal is presently on a fast-track in the DC Court of Appeals. The other two cases are in different stages in district courts in California and Massachusetts (State of California v. Noem, 1-25cv-13829 (D.Mass.) and Global Nurse Force v. Trump, 4:25-cv-08454 (N.D.Cal.)). As of the date of this writing, there do not appear to be any lawsuits filed against the weighted wage rule.

As published in the Immigration Daily on December 10, 2025

Although not officially released, the Department of State’s November 6, 2025, public charge cable, “Visas: Properly Implementing the INA 212 (a)(4) Public Charge Ineligibility,” has made its way out to the public.

The following is a summary of its contents which, as with other Trump administration directives, places a number of obstacles in the path of those intending to come to the US on nonimmigrant or immigrant visas.

• The current DHS regulation on public charge is aimed at an alien” likely at any time to become primarily dependent on the government for subsistence, as demonstrated by either receipt of public cash assistance for income maintenance or long-term institutionalized care by government expense.” DOS is directing consular officers to aim at aliens “likely at any time to become a public charge” and conveniently eliminating the words “primarily dependent”.
• DOS instructions are for consular officers to consider all aspects of the case and determine whether the applicant’s circumstances assessed in the totality suggest that he is more likely than not to become a public charge at any time. [The pronoun “he” is being used in this article as the cable employs the pronoun throughout the cable].
• Factors for consular officers to focus on are age, health, family status, assets, resources and financial status, education and skills, and any current or past receipt of public cash assistance for income maintenance or long-term institutionalization at government expense.
• Age – For an IV applicant who is nearing or past normal retirement age, what is the likelihood of securing a job in the US that will allow him to support himself and any dependents without the need for cash public assistance? If able to secure such a job, will he be able to work for enough time before retirement to accumulate savings or pension benefits sufficient to support himself and his dependents over his lifespan without the need to seek public cash assistance or long-term institutionalization at government expense? Will he be receiving retirement benefits from the home country while in the US?
• Health – Consider medical conditions including but not limited to cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, cancer, diabetes, metabolic diseases, neurological diseases and mental health conditions. Does such an applicant have adequate financial resources or insurance coverage for such costs over his entire expected stay in the US without seeking public cash assistance or long-term institutionalization? For any class B condition, CDC directs the panel physicians to remark on the likely degree of disability or the need for extensive medical care or institutionalization, and the consular officer must consider the conditions in the physician’s remarks. Where the physician failed to include remarks, officers are to refuse the application under INA 221 (g) and return the medical exam results of the panel physician so that he can include the remarks. For applicants who expect to rely on employer-provided health insurance, what is the likelihood of his getting a job that provides such a benefit and how does he plan to maintain such insurance after retirement? Also consider aspects of the applicant’s health that are not necessarily class B medical conditions but could lead to a public charge determination when assessed in the totality of circumstances such as obesity leading to other more serious conditions.
• Family status – Do any of the dependent family members have disabilities, chronic medical conditions, or special needs and require care such that the applicant cannot maintain employment? Officers should consider whether any applicant’s assets, resources, and financial status will allow him and any dependents to withstand the likely trials of life without the need to resort at any point to public cash assistance or long time institutionalized care with examples that pertinent financial planning normally includes having some cash savings in case of interruption in income or significant unexpected expense or having appropriate insurance coverage – “What are the applicant’s plans to handle a medical emergency while in the United States (including during that two week trip to the Grand Canyon)?”
• Education and skills – Consider English language proficiency – even entry-level or lower skilled jobs require the applicant to be able to serve clients in English, get direction from supervisors in English, and read English language product instructions and warning. Officers can assess the applicant’s English language proficiency by conducting the interview in English, and if the applicant does not at least have basic English proficiency, he should have a realistic plan to acquire it and to support himself and his dependents without using public cash assistance during that time. For aliens in low skilled but demanding jobs like caregiving or agriculture or hazardous ones like meat processing or construction, officers should assess the applicant’s age, health, and family status and whether he will be able to work for enough time before retirement or in the event of disabling injury to accumulate savings or pension benefits sufficient to support him and his dependents over his expected lifespan. For an applicant who plans to work in a professional field, officers should determine whether he has the necessary qualifications and credentials and ask for diplomas and professional certificates and as appropriate, verify them with the issuing institutions. For professions that are subject to state-level licensing requirements, officers should determine how he will support himself and his dependents without seeking cash assistance during the time necessary to obtain necessary qualifications and credentials.
• Current or past receipt of public assistance – Current or past receipt of public cash assistance for income maintenance or the need for long-term institutionalization is an indication that the applicant is or has been unable to provide for himself and his dependents and could become a public charge in the future. Officers should take into account any past receipt of such benefits in any country considering the totality of the applicant’s circumstances. They should also consider current or past use of any form of public assistance, social welfare, or private charity either in the US or elsewhere intended to help low income people including but not limited to housing assistance, food assistance (including the use of private food banks), and medical assistance.
• Affidavit of support – Officers are to determine if the applicant is likely at any time to become a public charge. In the first place, officers should determine whether the sponsor or joint sponsor meets the domiciled conditions. Officers should consider the credibility of the affiant and examine the nature of the relationship between the applicant and anyone involved in supporting him. They should also consider whether the sponsor or joint sponsor uses or has used any public assistance, including but not limited to public cash assistance. Use of such benefits by a sponsor could indicate that he is or has been unable to provide for himself fully, thus calling into question his ability to provide for the sponsored applicant.

It seems clear that the Department of State through this cable is preparing to crack down on “undesirables” – the tired, the poor, and the huddled masses yearning to breathe free. The new America is to be a land of the affluent and healthy. Fitness to work for a long time and making financial or insurance arrangements in the event of emergencies or accidental events is to be the standard. Lack of education or English language ability are negatives. Whether dependents are healthy will impact upon the public charge totality equation or whether all members of the family will immigrate. Asking about whether an applicant has ever taken any type of public assistance of any sort from any country and including from private charities and private food banks is wicked and designed to trip up an applicant’s ability to immigrate here. Indeed, many millions of Americans have taken or are taking public assistance and if intending to emigrate to another country, the application of such a standard would make them the “undesirables”. It should also be remembered that many other American relied on private food banks during the recent government shutdown and during bad economic times in past years.

On affidavits of support especially, readers should be aware that the old practices will not apply under the cable’s standard. The I-864 form and documents will be under heavy scrutiny for credibility. The cable invites intrusive quizzing by consular officers on the relationship of the cosponsor to the applicant to judge the credibility of the cosponsor fulfilling the support obligation, and scrutiny of the sponsor or cosponsor’s ever having taken public benefits in the past as a mark of future inability to support.

The focus on obesity being a precursor to “high blood pressure, Type II diabetes, breathing problems, such as asthma and sleep apnea; joint problems, such as osteoarthritis; gallstones and gallbladder disease; and mental illness, such as clinical depression and anxiety” is unwarranted as people’s eating habits are now more than ever subject to change, especially with current blockbuster medications such as Ozempic and Wegovy and other GLP-1 supplements.

And for what period of time? The cable proposes a forever standard in its language on IV applicants who are nearing or past normal retirement age (is 65 the standard when many people are now working through their 70s?); calling for the applicant’s ability to take care of dependent family members to withstand the “likely trials of life”; and the applicant being able to accumulate savings or pension benefits sufficient to support him and his dependents “over his expected lifespan.”  The Department of State seems to forget that immigrants are eligible for government means tested program assistance when they become US citizens – usually after three or five years.

Besides being short on logic, the cable all in all is mean-spirited, un-American, and should be withdrawn.

As published in the Immigration Daily on November 4, 2025

On October 30, 2025, USCIS announced through an interim final rule (IFR) in the Federal Register that as of that date, it would no longer allow the 540 day automatic extension of employment authorization renewal applications for any applications filed on or after October 30, 2025. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/10/30/2025-19702/removal-of-the-automatic-extension-of-employment-authorization-documents   Applications filed prior to October 30, 2025, will continue to receive the benefits of automatic extension. To avert breaks in employment, the agency recommends that applicants file renewal applications up to 180 days prior to the expiration date. https://www.uscis.gov/newsroom/news-releases/dhs-ends-automatic-extension-of-employment-authorization. The rule affects those in the following classes who would normally be allowed the 540 days if they filed timely extension requests in the same employment authorization category:

• Aliens admitted as refugees (A03);
• Aliens granted asylum (A05);

• Aliens admitted as parents or dependent children of aliens granted permanent residence under section 101(a)(27)(I) of the INA,8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(27)(I) (A07); 

• Aliens admitted to the United States as citizens of the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, or the Republic of Palau pursuant to agreements between the United States and the former trust territories (A08); 

• Aliens granted withholding of deportation or removal (A10);

• Aliens granted TPS, if the employment authorization category on their current EAD is either A12 or C19 (A12);

• Alien spouses of E-1/2/3 nonimmigrants (Treaty Trader/Investor/Australian Specialty Worker) (A17);

• Alien spouses of L-1 nonimmigrants (Intracompany Transferees) (A18);
• Aliens who have filed applications for asylum and withholding of deportation or removal (C08);

• Aliens who have filed applications for adjustment of status to lawful permanent resident under section 245 of the INA,8 U.S.C. 1255 (C09); 

• Aliens who have filed applications for suspension of deportation under section 244 of the INA (as it existed prior to April 1, 1997), cancellation of removal pursuant to section 240A of the INA, or special rule cancellation of removal under section 309(f)(1) of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (C10); 

• Aliens who have filed applications for creation of record of lawful admission for permanent residence (C16);

• Aliens who have filed applications for TPS and who have been deemed prima facie eligible for TPS under 8 CFR 244.10(a) and have received an EAD as a “temporary treatment benefit” under 8 CFR 244.10(e) and 12(c)(19) (C19);

• Aliens who have filed legalization applications pursuant to section 210 of the INA,8 U.S.C. 1160 (C20);

• Aliens who have filed legalization applications pursuant to section 245A of the INA,8 U.S.C. 1255a (C22); 

• Aliens who have filed applications for adjustment of status pursuant to section 1104 of the Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (C24);

• Certain alien spouses (H-4) of H-1B nonimmigrants with an unexpired Form I-94 showing H-4 nonimmigrant status (C26); and

• Aliens who are the principal beneficiaries or derivative children of approved Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) self-petitioners, under the employment authorization category “(c)(31)” in the form instructions to the EAD application (C31).

The immediacy of the rule is shocking and definitely disadvantages those applicants with little time left who have not yet filed for one reason or another, e.g. waiting to see if their I-485 adjustment of status filings will soon be closed out or scheduled for interview or considering change to another status. Now they will have to scramble to file their applications or risk a gap in ability to work. For others, they should file as close to the 180 day mark as possible and hope to receive an adjudication before their time runs out.

Interested persons can and should give comments to the IFR. For example, they may discuss other actions that USCIS could have taken to lessen stated concerns of public safety and national security such as paring back the automatically extended time to 180 days or even 120 days, especially in light of USCIS inconsistency in adjudicating EAD extensions on a timely basis within 180 days. As per USCIS projected processing times, EAD renewals for asylum applicants are currently running 6.5 months; and although there is no breakdown between initial and renewal applications, I-485 adjustment EADs are running 3.5 months at the National Benefit Center (NBC), but seven months at Service Center Operations (SCOPS), and “All Other Applications” are 5 months with NBC but 10.5 months with SCOPS. https://egov.uscis.gov/processing-times/. It should also be remembered that USCIS many times exceeds the projected processing times, and inquiries usually bring back less than helpful responses. DHS gave short shrift to the idea of returning the 180 day automatic extension period, saying that it suffered the same flaws as the 540 day automatic extension, but there is a huge difference between 540 days versus 180 or even 120 days, and acceptance of an alternative would balance the concerns of public safety and national security with the expectation of US employers and applicants to have uninterrupted work if timely requests for extension are made. Comments are due by December 1, 2025, identified by DHS Docket No. “USCIS-2025-0271”, through the Federal e-Rulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov.

 

As published in the Immigration Daily on October 3, 2025

The Trump administration proposed by regulation a new method of selecting cap H-1B registrants for next year’s selection process in its September 24, 2025, “Weighted Selection Process for Registrants and Petitioners Seeking to File Cap-Subject H-1B Petitions.” https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/09/24/2025-18473/weighted-selection-process-for-registrants-and-petitioners-seeking-to-file-cap-subject-h-1b.  Public comments are due by October 24, 2025. The gist of the rule is that selection will favor those organizations willing to pay selectees the highest wage level assuming that the H-1B cap is exceeded.

Prior to the Administration’s surprise Presidential Proclamation of September 19, 2025, placing an add-on fee of $100,000 for new H-1B petitions filed on or after September 21, 2025, https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/09/restriction-on-entry-of-certain-nonimmigrant-workers/,  there was no doubt that the cap would be exceeded. Now there may be a modicum of doubt since many organizations will be reluctant to post up $100,000 to bring in an applicant from overseas.

Assuming that expected legal challenges fail, the Proclamation’s $100,000 fee remains, and the number of registrants exceed the cap, the rules read like a real lottery under which organizations that pay the most have more chances to win – like lottery balls, you get four balls for level IV, three for level III, two for level II, and one for level I. If there are multiple organizations sponsoring an individual, the number of balls the registrant receives depends upon the lowest wage level of any of the registrations.

USCIS is wary that there may be some trickery such that some petitioners or their related entities filing a H-1B petition after having the applicant selected with the highest amount of balls and then transferring or amending a petition later by themselves or a “related entity” which would then reduce the wage to an amount in a lower wage level. Another possible trick mentioned would be to have a new or amended petition which includes the same proffered wage but changes the work location so that the proffered wage now corresponds to a lower wage level in the desired location. “Related entity” is being read expansively in the proposed rule to include a parent company, subsidiary, or affiliate company, but would not be limited only to those companies legally related to the petitioner through corporate ownership and control – that some factors relevant to relatedness may include familial ties, proximity of locations, leadership structure, employment history, similar work assignments, and substantially similar supporting documentation. USCIS would consider the totality of the circumstances.

Situations that might not necessarily raise the ire of USCIS and be found permissible could be work location changes between the time of registration and the time of filing the petition, such as in the case of an employer with multiple offices putting the person at a different office at a wage that equals or exceeds the same equivalent wage level for the new location.

Procedurally, in filling out the selection information, organizations would have to select the box for the highest OEWS wage level for the registration and provide the appropriate SOC code and area of intended employment.

On the possibility that the H-1B quota may not be entirely filled next year, it should be remembered that Indians fill approximately 70% of the H-1B positions with most being selected from overseas. Organizations may not be willing to pay $100,000 each to bring them over. Additionally, the traditional selection process does not merely select 85,000 to fill the regular and Masters caps. USCIS in the past has selected over 120,000 as it anticipates that there will be many non-filings by organizations that do not follow through, denials, withdrawals, and rejections.

 

As published in the Immigration Daily on August 21, 2025

On July 17, 2025, DHS submitted a proposed rule, “Weighted Selection Process for Registrants and Petitioners Seeking To File Cap‑Subject H‑1B Petitions” (RIN 1615‑AD01)—to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review,  OMB completed its review on August 8, 2025, and the rule has now moved back to USCIS. https://www.nafsa.org/regulatory-information/uscis-proposal-weighted-selection-h-1b-cap-subject-registrants-and?utm_source=chatgpt.com The next step is publishing the proposed rule in the Federal Register, triggering a formal public comment period. At this point of time early in the second Trump Administration, it is doubtful whether it can be halted if the Administration presses for its passage.

What will the proposed rule look like? We likely do not have to guess much as it will most probably mirror the proposed rule that was finalized in the last days of the first Trump Administration, but never enacted.

Three paragraphs from the summary, comments, and regulation sections of the earlier rule, “Modification of Registration Requirement for Petitioners Seeking to File Cap‑Subject H‑1B Petitions” 1/8/21, 86 FR 1676, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/01/08/2021-00183/modification-of-registration-requirement-for-petitioners-seeking-to-file-cap-subject-h-1b-petitions?utm_source=chatgpt.com give apt description of what we can expect in the upcoming proposed rule:

DHS is amending its regulations governing the selection of registrations submitted by prospective petitioners seeking to file H-1B cap-subject petitions (or the selection of petitions, if the registration process is suspended), which includes petitions subject to the regular cap and those asserting eligibility for the advanced degree exemption, to allow for ranking and selection based on wage levels. When applicable, USCIS will rank and select the registrations received generally on the basis of the highest OES wage level that the proffered wage equals or exceeds for the relevant SOC code in the area of intended employment, beginning with OES wage level IV and proceeding in descending order with OES wage levels III, II, and I. The proffered wage is the wage that the employer intends to pay the beneficiary. This ranking process will not alter the prevailing wage levels associated with a given position for U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) purposes, which are informed by a comparison of the requirements for the proffered position to the normal requirements for the occupational classification. This final rule will not affect the order of selection as between the regular cap and the advanced degree exemption. The wage level ranking will occur first for the regular cap selection and then for the advanced degree exemption….

… DHS recognizes that, under this final rule, it is less probable that USCIS will select registrations (or, if applicable, petitions) that reflect a wage level that is lower than the prevailing wage level II. DHS agrees with the comment that registrations (or, if applicable, petitions) reflecting prevailing wage levels II, III, and IV will have greater chances of being selected compared to the status quo. To the extent that recent foreign graduates, STEM-track or otherwise, in Optional Practical Training (OPT) can gain the necessary skills and experience to warrant prevailing wage levels II or above, the final rule may result in greater chances of selection of registrations (or, if applicable, petitions) for those beneficiaries. Further, recent graduates with master’s or higher degrees from U.S. institutions of higher education already benefit from the advanced degree exemption and cap selection order, as eligibility for that exemption increases their chance of selection. A registration or petition, as applicable, submitted on behalf of an alien eligible for the advanced degree exemption is first included in the submissions that may be selected toward the regular cap projection. If not selected toward the regular cap projection, submissions eligible for the advanced degree exemption may be selected toward the advanced degree exemption projection. This existing selection order increases the chance of selection for registrations or petitions submitted on behalf of aliens who have earned a master’s or higher degree from a U.S. institution of higher education….

If USCIS has received more registrations on the final registration date than necessary to meet the H-1B regular cap under Section 214(g)(1)(A) of the Act, USCIS will rank and select from among all registrations properly submitted on the final registration date on the basis of the highest OES wage level that the proffered wage equals or exceeds for the relevant SOC code and area of intended employment, beginning with OES wage level IV and proceeding in descending order with OES wage levels III, II, and I. Where there is no current OES prevailing wage information for the proffered position, USCIS will rank and select petitions based on the appropriate wage level that corresponds to the requirements of the proffered position. If USCIS receives and ranks more registrations at a particular wage level than the projected number needed to meet the numerical limitation, USCIS will randomly select from all registrations within that particular wage level a sufficient number of registrations needed to reach the numerical limitation.

With the total emphasis on higher wage/SOC level in the old rule which can be expected to be in the upcoming proposed rule, the question turns to how it will play out in March in the next H-1B selection if a new rule is implemented by then. The selection rate for this past March’s cap H-1B registration rose to 35.7% under the H-1B Modernization Rule which put many restrictions in place and raised the registration filing fee per applicant from $10 to $215. There were 336,153 eligible unique beneficiaries and 120,141 selections, leaving 216,012 unselected applicants. https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/temporary-workers/h-1b-specialty-occupations/h-1b-electronic-registration-process  Approximately 85,000 cap H-1B visas are awarded every year. There is as yet no discernible information on the split between those applicants who registered under the regular as opposed to the Masters cap nor the salary levels under which they registered. But given the percentages and the number of the non-selected, it would stand to reason that most if not all level I applicants would not be selected under a proposed new rule. Having to pay $215 for an almost certain “no” will severely depress the number of organizations willing to pay the fee for level I positions.

On the fate of the earlier rule, it was blocked in September 2021 by District Court Judge Jeffrey S.White in Chamber of Commerce of the United State of America et al v. United States Department of Homeland Security et al, Case No. 4:20-cv-07331 (N.D.Ca. 9/15/21, https://www.pacermonitor.com/view/OPCZVAQ/Chamber_of_Commerce_of_the_United_v_United_States_Department_of_Homeland__candce-20-07331__0158.0.pdf, and withdrawn in December of that year https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/12/22/2021-27714/modification-of-registration-requirement-for-petitioners-seeking-to-file-cap-subject-h-1b-petitions. The timing of the earlier rule at the end of the first Trump Administration allowed the incoming Biden Administration to vacate the rule. Timing in the first year of the second Trump Administration will not be a factor.

However, it would be a tremendous shame to change to a wage-based selection process as geniuses are generally not identified by high wage levels coming out of colleges and universities, even on the Masters level, and to miss them and force them to leave the country would only weaken this nation’s ability to compete against the rest of the world, especially against our adversaries. Imagine personages like Albert Einstein, Bill Gates, or Elon Musk who did not astound with their academic genius in their universities, and what would happen if they were just graduating today (Bill Gates never graduated) and faced with the prospect of having to obtain a H-1B visa at the level III or level IV OES wage level to have the best shot of selection.

As published in the Immigration Daily on July 15, 2025

1. July 1, 2025, level I prevailing wage changes for various occupations

New prevailing wages by the Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational and Wage Statistics (OEWS) which are used in determining prevailing wages in PERM labor certification applications and H-1B labor condition applications (LCAs) came out on July 1, 2025, and valid until June 30, 2026, https://flag.dol.gov/wage-data/wage-search show many more category rises than falls in pay. The below compilation includes many of the categories in the New York area at level I, the lowest of four wage levels used by the Department of Labor in its O*Net system:

• General and operations managers – + 1K – $77,293
• Marketing managers – minus 3K – $114,379
• Sales managers – plus 3K – $129,896
• Public relations managers – plus 3K – $125,819
• Computer & info systems managers – + 2K – $148,450
• Purchasing managers – + 2K – $126,506
• Architectural/engineering managers –minus 3K – $135,928
• Lodging managers – minus 7K – $55,869
• Medical & health services managers – plus 4K – $103,293
• Managers, all others – minus 3K – $103,064
• Management analysts – minus 1K – $74,402
• Market research analysts – + 1K – $61,797
• Accountants and auditors – + 2K – $73,070
• Credit analysts – plus 8K – $84,677
• Financial and investment analysts – + 2K – $87,838
• Financial specialists, all other – plus 4K – $73,195
• Computer systems analyst –minus 1K – $80,600
• Information security analysts – minus 2K – $94,016
• Computer & information research scientists – +27K – $110,011
• Computer network architects – same – $103,938
• Database administrators – +12 K – $77,438
• Database architects – minus 8K – $93,226
• Network and computer systems administrators – + 6K – $79,331
• Computer programmers – minus 6K – $74,714
• Software developers – + 8K – $103,210
• Software quality assurance analysts and testers – minus 1K – $78,624
• Web developers – minus 7K – $40,893
• Computer occupations, all other – plus 4K – $62,525
• Actuaries – minus 2K – $90,750
• Operations research analysts – + 1K – $68,869
• Statisticians – + 3K – $81,557
• Data scientists – minus 3K – $79,456
• Architects except landscape and Naval – + 2K – $67,309
• Landscape architects – minus 8K – $69,326
• Bioengineers & biomedical engineers – plus 7K – $87,630
• Chemical engineers – plus 3K – $82,597
• Civil engineers – plus 4K – $78,811
• Computer software engineers – minus 8K – $90,605
• Electrical engineers – plus 6K – $84,490
• Electronic engineers, except computer – +11 K – $101,878
• Environmental engineers – plus 1K – $71,906
• Industrial engineers – plus 6K – $81,037
• Materials engineers – +13 K – $83,054
• Mechanical engineers – + 7K – $81,432
• Engineers, all other – +17 K – $83,346
• Biochemists & biophysicists – minus 1K – $74,963
• Microbiologist – plus 3K – $63,378
• Biological scientists, all other – minus 2K – $74,838
• Epidemiologists – minus 1K – $73,694
• Medical scientists, except epidemiologists – same – $71,282
• Life scientists, all others – minus 3K – $63,814
• Chemists – plus 1K – $64,230
• Environmental sciences & specialists, including health – same – $57,200
• Economists – plus 6K – $92,082
• Lawyers – plus 5K – $98,114
• Fashion designers – minus 6K – $62,691
• Graphic designers – + 2K – $53,955
• Interior designers – + 5K – $51,022
• News analysts, reporters and journalists – + 7K – $63,128/level 2 = $181,064
• Public relations specialists – + 2K – $54,995
• Editors – + 4K – $63,606/level 2 = $90,563
• Technical writers – minus 5K – $47,195
• Registered nurses – plus 6K – $88,941
• Nurse practitioners – same – $113,630
• Acupuncturists – plus 1K – $64,979
• Medical and clinical laboratory technologists – minus 1K – $49,483
• Medical and clinical laboratory technicians – $49,483
• Chefs and head cooks – plus 5K – $47,154
• Restaurant cooks – plus 1K – $34,611
• Sales engineers – plus 7K – $101,171

The bottom lines appear to be that the pluses far exceed the minuses; premiums are on individuals with professional technical skills; managers do not to command the level of increases as persons with professional technical skills; and hiring in certain computer occupations may be adversely affected by the rise of generative artificial intelligence.

2. Checking to see whether the new medical form is being used

The new edition of the I-693 Instructions for Report of Medical Examination and Vaccination Record came into effect on July 2, 2025, and submitting a medical examination on the former edition may be cause for rejection of the I-485 adjustment of status application. The rule is that If the civil surgeon signs your form on or before July 2, 2025, you must use the 03/09/23 or the 01/20/25 edition. If the civil surgeon signs your form July 3, 2025 or later, USCIS will accept only the 01/20/25 edition. https://www.uscis.gov/i-693 This may be concerning to law firms as some designated physicians and clinics may still be issuing medical findings on the former edition in the first days of new edition use, and the law firm cannot open the medical (closed medical required). In case of doubt, the client can be asked what edition was used and date of signature as the client is usually given a copy of the medical by the physician/clinic. If not, the client could check with the doctor’s office to ensure that the correct edition was used.

3. Online H-1B cap filing reminder

This year saw an increase in the number of H1B selections https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/temporary-workers/h-1b-specialty-occupations/h-1b-electronic-registration-process due to the reforms instituted by USCIS in the H-1B Modernization Rule which included enhanced registration payments per candidate from $10 to $215 and that, regardless of how many organizations submitted individual registration applications for one person, that person would only be counted once. Many law firms handling H-1B cap petitions worked until the last week to submit selected H-1B registration petitions by the deadline of June 30, 2025. Online filings were encouraged to reduce the possibilities of error. A reminder is that in the latter circumstance – especially when dealing with smaller sized companies, they should be given warning well ahead of time that they must have sufficient monies on their credit cards for online case filings, and they should perhaps even notify the credit card companies ahead of time that they will be putting heavy charges on their cards. USCIS charges are no longer a few hundred dollars, rather over $3000 and $4000 on many occasions and with premium processing over $6000 for most companies – serious money to the credit card companies, especially where organizations are sponsoring multiple beneficiaries. Even if the company credit card does not exceed the credit line, the charges may be rejected as abnormal by the credit card company necessitating last-minute communications between the designated person on the credit card and the credit card company. In one situation involving a last-minute online filing, the designated person could not be reached, and the petitioning organization had to reach out to its second bank after the first bank rejected its request for ACH transfer to pay for the filing.

4. Warning on what to look out for in nonimmigrant visa interviews – most likely applicable also to CBP at ports of entry

The State Department restarted FMJ visa interviews again on June 18, 2025, with heavy vetting on social media. https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/state-dept-restarts-student-visa-interviews-with-tougher-social-media-rules/ar-AA1GYPGN  The Marco Rubio cable said for officers to examine student profiles “to identify applicants who bear hostile attitudes towards our citizens, culture, government, institutions, or founding principles; who advocate for, aid, or support designated foreign terrorists and other threats to US national security; or who perpetrate unlawful antisemitic harassment or violence.”  Applicants must make public and accessible all portions of their social media accounts and should be penalized if they refuse. If portions of accounts remain set to private or are otherwise limited, officers should treat the case as any other where an applicant fails to provide certain information on request – “You must consider whether such failure reflects evasiveness or otherwise calls into question the applicant’s credibility.” The new guidelines affect new applicants; those whose cases are currently in progress –that includes applicants who have not yet been interviewed and those whose interviews have been waived; and those who have already been interviewed and are otherwise approvable but have not yet been finalized as approved.

It is clear that in this Administration, Customs and Border Protection (CBP) closely follows the lead of the Department of State. Thus, nonimmigrants who are traveling internationally should be aware that the above guidelines may apply to them even if they are not applying for visas at American consulates or embassies. They and even permanent residents and US citizens who fear intrusive searches at ports of entry may consider taking proactive steps. If you fear border searches of your phone, advice from a New York Times columnist [Sorry, cannot locate article] is to consider wiping your data or even buying a cheap backup device. If a US citizen, turn off biometrics such as fingerprint and facial recognition sensors and only rely on the passcode because it is legally more difficult for the government to compel you to share a passcode that it is for an officer to take your phone and hold it up to your face to unlock it.

As published in the Immigration Daily on June 11, 2025

1. Trump and Congo

President Trump must really have it in for Congo. First he sends a deportee of Congo nationality to South Sudan which refused him for no connection and for which Trump threatened to cancel all visas of that nation. https://www.legit.ng/people/1649090-man-originally-congo-deported-country-revokes-visas-south-sudaneses/. Then he confronts the South African president Cyril Ramaphosa in the White House in a Zelensky type ambush claiming genocide in South Africa of Afrikaners including burial pictures – with the pictures turning out to be of the conflict in Congo. https://www.politifact.com/article/2025/may/22/Trump-video-South-Africa-burial-farmers-genocide/. Mr. Trump either is a terrible fact checker or facts are inconvenient truths to be skirted.

2. 12 Country Travel Ban

The 12 country travel ban that came into effect on June 9, 2025, covers 12 countries – citizens of Afghanistan, Myanmar, Chad, the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Haiti, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/06/05/us/travel-ban-order-full.html. It also restricts entry for 7 countries’ citizens of Burundi, Cuba, Laos, Sierra Leone, Togo, Turkmenistan and Venezuela who are outside the U.S. and do not hold a valid visa. Partial suspensions for the seven countries are for immigrants and nonimmigrants on B-1, B-2, B-1/B-2, F, M, and J visas. Generally, the ban applies to foreign nationals of those countries who are outside the US on the effective date and do not have a valid visa on the effective date. The ban does not apply to permanent residents, or a dual national of one of the countries if the individual is traveling on a passport issued by a country not designated. There are certain other exceptions including one for certain individuals who, in the discretion of the Secretary of State, can be allowed to travel where the travel would advance a critical US national interest. This latter type of exception spawned legal work by firms previously in the Covid-19 travel ban, but given the countries involved, will likely not result in law firms doing a lot of work here.

3. People/Situations Thought Safe/Less Risky May Not Be Any Longer

Areas that we thought safe or less risky may not be any longer and we will be adjusting our risk assessment:

• A US military wife from Australia being petitioned by her husband visiting on a three week vacation in Honolulu with her mother and whose husband was waiting to collect them at the airport was allegedly laughed at when she said that she was married to someone in the U.S. Army; taken to secondary inspection; made to undergo a body cavity search; walked through the airport in handcuffs; driven to the federal detention center; strip-searched; put in detention with women who had been convicted of murder and drug offenses; made to share a cell with a woman from Fiji who was also denied entry and waiting to be deported; not given food; and the next morning brought back to the airport and sent back to Australia. https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/2025/05/24/im-not-criminal-australian-woman-recounts-detention-experience-while-trying-visit-us-military-spouse-hawaii/.
• A high school student in New York for a downtown 26 Federal Plaza immigration court hearing had his case dismissed, and was arrested by waiting ICE officers. https://www.rsn.org/001/ice-shifting-tactics-detains-high-school-student-at-nyc-courthouse.html. He had entered the US in April 2024 under the Biden humanitarian parole program; had no criminal record; and when not at school worked as a delivery driver to help his mother and two younger siblings save enough money to move out of the shelter. Mayor Eric Adams when asked about it said that he did not handle federal enforcement policies and that his opinion did not matter. It is pretty well known that part of his deal for the Justice Department to drop corruption charges against him was for his immigration enforcement help and Thomas Homan, the Border Czar, promised to be up “his butt” if Adams did not advance the Trump agenda.

4. AILA Warning of Increased Arrests at USCIS/ICE Interviews and Immigration Court Hearings Around The Country

AILA  (American Immigration Lawyers Association) is warning of ICE increases of arrests at USCIS field offices at scheduled immigration benefits interviews including asylum, permanent residence, naturalization, and ICE check-in appointments. Members have reported arrests at I-130 interviews at field offices in Miami, LA, Fresno, St. Louis, and Portland. USCIS has publicly reported 26 arrests including Tampa, Orlando, New Orleans, Houston, Phoenix, Indianapolis, El Paso, Charlotte, San Fernando, Kendall, and one unspecified office in California. High-risk people include those with prior removal orders, criminal charges, criminal convictions, and warrants. AILA is also warning of ICE arrests in immigration courts around the country; that immigration court cases are being dismissed by judges after motions by ACCs (Assistant Chief Counsels) for DHS to dismiss where ICE can process them for expedited removal, and some members are reporting seeing detentions regardless of whether dismissals were granted. In other words, you walk into the court with your client who was served with a regular NTA (Notice to Appear); the ACC moves to dismiss the NTA on the basis that the client is subject to expedited removal (entered illegally or with fraud or misrepresentation and not yet here two years or paroled on entry whether two years have since passed); the IJ grants the dismissal and ICE is waiting in the hallway with handcuffs and takes away your client. In the meantime, you the attorney are standing there flabbergasted watching the back of your handcuffed client going away with ICE officers down the hallway and into the elevator.

5. Framed, Vilified Unjustly by DHS Secretary, Yet Still Sits in Detention

In the meantime, there is a report out of Milwaukee that a US citizen charged with armed robbery and aggravated battery against an undocumented immigrant concocted a letter supposedly written by the victim threatening to kill Donald Trump, and the story received a flood of media attention and was highlighted by the White House including DHS Secretary Kristi Noem, who released a statement praising immigration officers for arresting Ramon Morales-Reyes one day after the forged letter was received by an ICE field intelligence officer. https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/what-to-know-about-ramo-n-morales-reyes-a-20361562.php. The case against him began to come apart because one of the victim’s children said that he could not have written the letter since he cannot read or write in Spanish, let alone English and a handwriting comparison showed no similarities.  The US citizen had allegedly assaulted the victim with a box cutter during an attempted theft of his bike and framed him to keep him from testifying. As of the time of this writing, Mr. Morales sits in immigration detention, and there is as yet no apology from the DHS Secretary.

Unfortunately, there is no good news in this article –readers may wish to use the above information to better assess or reassess risk in these types of situations involving themselves and others.

As published in the Immigration Daily on April 25, 2025

International travel remains in the bull’s-eye of the Trump Administration’s crackdown on opposing views and nonimmigrants have less rights on entry than permanent residents, although even some of the latter are also being targeted for removal. Generally, entering nonimmigrants can be removed by Customs and Border Protection (CBP) without immigration court proceedings unless they request political asylum under which they could be relegated to expedited removal proceedings. Permanent residents who contest admissibility are entitled to a hearing before the immigration court in most situations.

This comes about through President Trump’s national security campaign promise and his Executive Order 14161 for enhanced screening and vetting across government agencies to “identify all resources that may be used to ensure that all aliens seeking admission to the United States, or who are already in the United States, are vetted and screened to the maximum degree possible….” DCPD-202500128.pdf

Applicants for visas at US embassies and consulates face enhanced vetting there and also by Customs and Border Protection at the borders when they enter the US. Nonimmigrants in the US with visas who do not have to visit consular posts or are visa exempt, e.g. Canadians, are experiencing more frequent and more intrusive inspections and questioning than in the past. The crackdown has even moved inland with over 300 nonimmigrants in the country having their visas revoked with some being detained in a major escalation of enforcement with Secretary of State Marco Rubio saying that visa holders charged with a crime while in the United States should automatically lose their visa. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/28/us/politics/rubio-immigration-students-ozturk-chung-khalil.html (In the past, nonimmigrants having their visas revoked by the State Department were usually allowed to remain in the US with the revocations taking effect upon their leaving).

Especially targeted now are individuals requesting initial or renewal visas in the student and exchange visitor categories. A number of recent articles have covered Secretary of State Marco Rubio’s unpublished 1700 word cable on March 25, 2025 titled “Action Requests: Enhanced Screening and Social Media Vetting for Visa Applicants” describing the process consular officers must follow when reviewing M, F, and J student and exchange visitor visas. Consular officers are to refer certain student and exchange visitor visa applicants to the fraud prevention unit for a mandatory social media check. Those to be scrutinized are:

• Someone suspected of having terrorist ties or sympathies.
• Who had a student or exchange visa between 10/7/23 and 8/31/24.
• Who has had a visa terminated since that October date.

It appears that criticism of President Trump or Israel might be sufficient grounds for visa denial. Consular officers are to deny where applicants demonstrate “a degree of public approval or public advocacy for terrorist activity or a terrorist organization,” which could be evident in “conduct that bears a hostile attitude toward US citizens or US culture”.

This also appears part and parcel of an Administration policy of making encounters with CBP and ICE more volatile, escalatory and humiliating than in the past in detaining and removing visitors from abroad upon entry under visas other than student and exchange visitors https://www.rsn.org/001/im-the-canadian-who-was-detained-by-ice-for-two-weeks-it-felt-like-i-had-been-kidnapped.html; https://www.cnn.com/2025/03/18/us/rasha-alawieh-brown-university-wwk/index.html ; revoking visas and attempting to remove those with legal status for even a DUI in the past https://thehill.com/homenews/education/5225218-university-of-minnesota-ice-arrest-visa-revoked/; and even scrutinizing the backgrounds of green card holders and detaining them for political activities and past minor infractions of law. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/28/us/politics/rubio-immigration-students-ozturk-chung-khalil.html ; https://www.cbsnews.com/news/yunseo-chung-columbia-student-south-korea-ice-deportation/; https://www.wbur.org/news/2025/03/19/new-hampshire-fabian-schmidt-ice-detention  

In a letter to the editor of the Washington Post on April 5, 2025, titled “not what I voted for,” the writer indignantly states that “A German friend of my son recently flew to Boston and was put in a room for two hours by immigration officials. She told my son that they searched her belongings, unlocked her phone and looked at all of her messages and photos trying to find any negative comments about Trump so they could send her back to Europe. Some of my own friends have also heard such stories. Some of these people have green cards. News like this is spreading in Europe, and people are canceling trips.” https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2025/04/03/tufts-university-ice-arrests-letters/?utm_source=chatgpt.com

Also to watch out for is the looming travel ban of which final details are not known, but a draft of which includes 43 countries deemed red with a complete travel ban, orange for sharply restricted travel in which people traveling on immigrant or tourist visas might not be able to enter and be subject to mandatory in-person interviews to receive a visa, and yellow in which the countries have 60 days to address concerns including providing insufficient information on incoming travelers, inadequate security in issuing passports, and selling citizenship to persons from banned countries. https://www.newsweek.com/trump-travel-ban-list-2045321 It is not been established whether the ban will apply to persons already holding permanent resident cards.

Further, the Department of State under Mr. Rubio is now using the visa revocation authority as being against US interests capriciously with the latest target being South Sudan. Last Saturday, in revoking all visas for nationals of that country, he said,  “effective immediately, the United States Department of State is taking actions to revoke all visas held by South Sudanese passport holders and prevent further issuance to prevent entry into the United States by South Sudanese passport holders.” The reason: that country refused to accept a deportee from the US – and the reason that it refused was that the deportee was not South Sudanese, but a national of the Democratic Republic of Congo. https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2025/04/08/South-Sudan-deport-visa-revoke/8401744112006/

Given all of the above showing crackdowns on nonimmigrants on all levels whether outside or inside the country, that nonimmigrants entering the country have almost no rights and can be easily detained and removed at ports of entry, the looming travel ban, and capricious use of power in immigration matters by this Administration, visa holders in the US may wish to consider the dangers of nonessential travel before booking passage to visit family, get away on holidays, go home during school breaks, or any myriad number of reasons. Those who have changed status to longer-term nonimmigrant statuses in the US may think twice before booking visa appointments at US consulates abroad to have visas stamped in their passports as visas are only for travel and USCIS change of status approvals are sufficient to allow individuals to remain legally in the US. To be caught outside the US when the travel ban comes down (if subject to it) could be a life altering disaster to some. It appears clear that this Administration is willing to sacrifice US travel, tourism and foreign student revenues, and international goodwill to achieve its political aims.

As published in the Immigration Daily on March 17, 2025

With a blizzard of immigration actions going far beyond a crackdown on criminal aliens, President Trump is exploding the hopes of those who voted for him thinking that he would only expel the criminal element of the immigrant population. If he obtains the $175 billion in budget funding for his immigration program included in the passed Senate resolution in February, he would have the monies required for mass deportation.

Not only are the undocumented at risk of removal, but also those who do not have permanent resident or US citizenship status as seen in the present actions of the administration. A small look at some recent actions of the administration shows that even those with forms of legal status have risk of being ensnared in Mr. Trump’s recent actions:

1. Social media screening is coming back in a big way in a Federal Register (March 5, 2025, Vol. 90, No. 42, pg. 11324) https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/03/05/2025-03492/agency-information-collectio 60 day notice for comment promoting tighter vetting of applications by USCIS in fulfillment of Executive Order 14161, “Protecting the United States from Foreign Terrorists and Other National Security and Public Safety Threats,” directing implementation of uniform vetting standards collection of information for rigorous vetting and screening of all grounds of inadmissibility or bases for the denial of immigration-related benefits. Social Media Identifier(s) on immigration forms and/or information collection systems are to be collected from certain populations of individuals on applications for immigration-related benefits for enhanced identity verification, vetting and national security screening and inspection.

This will delay the time for adjudications as USCIS officers and/or administrative staff will spend countless hours poring over applicants’ social media accounts. An idea of the immensity of such screening is USCIS’ estimate of the size of the populations to be screened in each application category – I-485 Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status, 1,060,585; I-131 Application for Travel Document, 1,073,059; N-400 Application for Naturalization 909,700; I-589 Application for Asylum and Withholding of Removal 203,379; I-751 Petition to Remove Conditions on Residence, 140,000; I-590 Registration for Classification As Refugee, 106,200; I-730 Refugee/Asylee Relative Petition 13,000; and I-829 Petition by Entrepreneur to Remove Conditions, 1010.

2. Enhanced vetting not only affects those requesting immigration benefits of USCIS in the US, but also nonimmigrant visa holders entering the country by US Customs and Border Protection inspectors. A recent article, “Extreme Consistency: How Attorneys Can Prepare for Extreme Vetting at the Border,” by Dan Berger, Brian Halliday and Stephen Yale-Loehr Extreme Consistency: How Attorneys Can Prepare for Extreme Vetting at the Border pointed to two recent refusals of entry into the US – one a H-1B computer scientist in which CBP called the employer contact on the H-1B petition who could not remember the details or knew that the person was flying that day with the result that the scientist received expedited removal; and the second a PhD engineering student from China who received a F-1 visa, and upon CBP finding that the resume submitted at the consulate was shortened from the longer version she had on her laptop, had her withdraw the request for admission and return to China to apply for a new F-1 visa stamp. The authors upon speaking with three levels of CBP officers learned that CBP has new instructions to vigorously scrutinize applicants for admission to the US.

So it appears that travel in and out of the US for nonimmigrant visa holders will be tinged with danger and nonimmigrants in the US may wish to take less frequent trips and, if on working statuses, coordinate international trips with their employers to ensure that the employer’s signatory on the petition refreshes himself or herself with the nonimmigrant’s responsibilities.

3. The new NTA policy announced by USCIS on February 28, 2025 in Policy Memorandum PM-602-0187, “Subject: Issuance of Notices to Appear (NTAs) in Cases Involving “Inadmissible and Deportable Aliens” Policy Memo_Template is a step back to the past in which unfavorable decisions by the agency to applicants who had no legal status to fall back on were usually accompanied by a notice to appear in the immigration court for removal proceedings. Other than for denied cases involving criminal offenses, fraud or misrepresentation, the memo says that “USCIS will issue a new NTA where, upon issuance of an unfavorable decision on a benefit request, the alien is not lawfully present in the United States.” For employment-based petitions, NTA’s will be issued to beneficiaries where the decision on the petition is unfavorable, the beneficiaries are not lawfully present in the US or otherwise removable; and the beneficiary is a signer on an I-129 petition for nonimmigrant worker such as E-1/E-2 treaty traders and treaty investors, H-1B beneficiary owners, and O-1 beneficiary owners.

Prosecutorial discretion to withhold issuing NTA’s is limited and “should only be exercised in very limited and compelling instances and on a case-by-case basis after considering all USCIS and DHS guidance, DHS’s enforcement priorities, the individual facts presented, and any DHS interests implicated…”

So this will seemingly make maintaining nonimmigrant status a better alternative than simply forgoing extensions of such in favor of applying for and receiving EAD’s (employment authorization documents) which by themselves do not confer status.

We are returning to a time in which interviews in the field offices of USCIS may turn out to be harrowing experiences once again. Questions on whether interviewees may be detained in their visits to the field offices may once again be prominent. Many legacy INS and USCIS officers have not wanted to make on the spot unfavorable decisions in the past for sake of their own safety and fear that physical confrontations might result. On the other hand, the new policy may bring back another past method of handling such situations with the involved officer asking the applicant to wait and calling for officers attached to ICE to come before stating the decision and having them detain the applicant – an enhanced the risk to the applicant if the field office also contained an ICE section.

4. Expedited removal for parole program participants and those under regular removal proceedings. The Trump directive on expedited removal as announced by Caleb Vitello, Acting Dir., ICE, 1/23/25, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2025-01/25_0123_er-and-parole-guidance.pdf, is fairly sneaky in directing ICE officers to review and consider in exercising enforcement discretion whether to initiate expedited removal against those who would be subject to it (not in the US for two years) by terminating all regular removal proceedings and/or any active parole status, and look for those whose paroles were automatically ended under Trump’s memorandum [terminating the Cuban Haitian Nicaraguan Venezuelan parole program]. Even for those who have applied for asylum or plan to do so in a timely manner, the directive says that the expedited removal process includes asylum screening, which it says is sufficient to protect the reliance interest of these parties.

5. In an unrelased fast track removal memo circulated at ICE on February 18, the Trump administration is directing ICE officers to identify immigrants who can be rapidly removed from the US without a court hearing through expedited removal. The memo that has been reported by various sources including AILA, targets low hanging fruit, some categories of whom hold some form of status and others (arriving aliens) who may under certain circumstances be eligible for adjustment of status to permanent residence https://www.washingtonpost.com/immigration/2025/02/28/ice-expedited-removal-mass-deportation/; https://english.gijotina.com/ice-memo-details-how-officials-will-try-to-deport-more-than-1-million-migrants-migrants/; Reuters Releases Updated Guidance From ICE on Expedited Removal:

• Persons previously released by CBP and have not applied for asylum who include paroled arriving aliens, aliens issued a CBP “notice to report” (NTR), and aliens processed for parole with alternative to detention (ATD) or parole with conditions (PWC).
• Arriving aliens who showed up at a port of entry that CBP determined to be inadmissible and previously released as long as they were inadmissible because of fraud or willful misrepresentation or lack of valid immigration documents. To this category, the memo says that there is no time limit on the ability to process under expedited removal.
• The memo further states that persons who won withholding of removal (proving fear of persecution or past persecution by satisfying a standard of probable rather than merely well-founded fear of persecution) should be considered for expulsion to another country.
• Also that immigration officers should rearrest immigrants that they have had to release in the past because they could not deport them since their homelands refused to take them back with the memo saying that the administration has made significant gains in having those countries take them back and also taking into account the potential for third country removals.

Expedited removal as expanded under Mr. Trump targets people who have been here for two years or less in any part of the US. Previous rollback under the Biden administration allowed its use for individuals caught within 100 miles of the border and within two weeks of entry. For those arriving legally through ports of entry lacking immigration documents or having misrepresented themselves/arriving aliens, expedited removal has generally only been used at a time proximate to entry in the author’s understanding and experience although it has been more used against people coming in under visa waiver programs who legally give up their rights to a hearing in writing by entering under a 90 day visa waiver program instead of through visa.

This is just the beginning of President Trump’s four years in office, and the immigrant communities – even those with some form of legal status at present – can expect many more shocks in the future. Everyone other than permanent residents and US citizens should be careful about their immigration statuses, not take unnecessary travel risks, and consult legal counsel before taking any steps that could jeopardize their statuses.